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Учебно-практическое пособие «Сборник профессионально-ориентированных текстов с упражнениями» для специальностей 09.02.01 Компьютерные системы и комплексы и 09.02.07 Информационные системы и программирование

Управление образования и науки Липецкой области

Государственное областное автономное проФЕССИОНАЛЬНОЕ образовательное учреждение

«Липецкий металлургический колледж»

А.С. Ефимова

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

ПРАКТИКУМ

(сборник профессионально-ориентированных текстов с

упражнениями)

учебно-практическое

пособие для студентов

специальностей

09.02.01 Компьютерные системы и комплексы, 09.02.07 Информационные системы и программирование

Липецк, 2022

Учебно-практическое пособие «Сборник профессионально-ориентированных текстов с упражнениями» для специальностей 09.02.01 Компьютерные системы и комплексы и 09.02.07 Информационные системы и программирование

РАССМОТРЕНА

Председателем ЦК

языковедческих дисциплин

от «____» ______________ 2022 г.

_______________ В.В. Лаврина

УТВЕРЖДАЮ

И.о. зам. директора

по учебной работе

_______________ Л.Н. Красникова

«____» ______________ 2022 г.

Организация-разработчик:

Государственное областное автономное профессиональное образовательное учреждение «Липецкий металлургический колледж»

Разработчик:

ГОАПОУ «Липецкий металлургический колледж», преподаватель английского языка Ефимова А.С.

2021-2022 учебный год

Пояснительная записка

Пособие предназначено для обучающихся по специальностям 09.02.01 Компьютерные системы и комплексы, 09.02.07 Информационные системы и программирование по программе среднего профессионального образования.

Целью данного пособия является формирование умения читать нa английском языке и переводить техническую литературу; формирование лексических и грамматических навыков говорения по теме «Компьютеры и программирование». Кроме того, пособие также может быть использовано для обучения навыкам и умениям говорения на темы данной специальности, что соответствует установкам рабочей программы.

Задачи пособия включают:

сформировать и развить лексические и грамматические навыки говорения;

научить студентов работе со словарем;

сформировать навыки работы со словарем;

замотивировать студентов на более углубленное изучение английского языка.

Настоящее издание пособия составлено в соответствии с его отраслевым назначением.

Работа с пособием, которую рекомендуется начинать в рамках вводного и продвинутого курса профессионального модуля, предусматривает:

накопление студентами активного словаря-минимума, включающего термины и общую лексику;

формирование основ потенциального словаря;

тренировку синтаксических структур, типичных для научно-технической литературы.

Тексты пособия отобраны из оригинальной и переводной литературы. По языковому уровню они делятся на две группы:

к первой группе относятся элементарные тексты, построенные на простых по синтаксису предложениях;

ко второй – оригинальные тексты с присущими специальной литературе синтаксическими и морфологическими особенностями.

Все тексты пособия объединяет единая смысловая направленность. они расположены в определенной логической последовательности: от истории и развития электроники до современных разработок в сфере компьютерных систем и программирования.

Пособие состоит из тематических текстов с тренировочными упражнениями различной сложности. Каждый текст построен на активной лексике и серии тренировочных упражнений. Также, пособие включает небольшие тексты, содержащие пассивную лексику и служащие для обучения работе со словарем.

Каждая часть пособия предназначена для вводного курса, повторения и, впоследствии, закрепления пройденного материала и включает:

обзорные упражнения на повторение грамматических явлений, характерных для специальной литературы;

тексты для дополнительного чтения с заданиями, рассчитанными на активизацию мыслительной деятельности обучающихся.

CONTENTS:

1.	Electronics	5
2.	The first calculating devices	6
3.	What is a computer?	7
4.	Classes of computers	10
5.	Computer systems	12
6.	Software. Types of software	14
7.	Operating system	17
8.	Computer programing	19
9.	The CPU main computers	21
10.	Application programs	22
11.	Text editors	25
12.	Computer memory	29
13.	Database management system	30
14.	Data processing and data processing systems	32
15.	Advantages of computer data processing	35
16.	Programing languages	37
17.	Internet	39
18.	Information security	40

UNIT 1

ELECTRONICS

Electronics is a field of engineering and applied physics dealing with the design and application of electronic circuits. The operation of circuits depends on the flow of electrons for generation, transmission, reception and storage of information.

Today it is difficult to imagine our life without electronics. It surrounds us everywhere. Electronic devices are widely used in scientific research and industrial designing, they control the work of plants and power stations, calculate the trajectories of space-ships and help the people discover new phenomena of nature. Automatization of production processes and studies on living organisms became possible due to electronics.

The invention of vacuum tubes at the beginning of the 20th century was the starting point of the rapid growth of modern electronics. Vacuum tubes assisted in manipulation of signals. The development of a large variety of tubes designed for specialized functions made possible the progress in radio communication technology before the World War II and in the creation of early computers during and shortly after the war.

The transistor invented by American scientists W. Shockly, J. Bardeen and W. Brattain in 1948 completely replaced the vacuum tube. The transistor, a small piece of a semiconductor with three electrodes, had great advantages over the best vacuum tubes. It provided the same functions as the vacuum tube but at reduced weight, cost, power consumption, and with high reliability. With the invention of the transistor all essential circuit functions could be carried out inside solid bodies. The aim of creating electronic circuits with entirely solid-state components had finally been realized. Early transistors could respond at a rate of a few million times a second. This was fast enough to serve in radio circuits, but far below the speed needed for highspeed computers or for microwave communication systems.

The progress in semiconductor technology led to the development of the integrated circuit (1С), which was discovered due to the efforts of John Kilby in 1958. There appeared a new field of science — integrated electronics. The essence of it is batch processing. Instead of making, testing and assembling descrete components on a chip one at a time, large groupings of these components together with their interconnections were made all at a time. 1С greatly reduced the size of devices, lowered manufacturing costs and at the same time they provided high speed and increased reliability.

Find in the text the words and combinations:

прикладная физика;

передача и прием информации;

поток электронов;

научные исследования;

отправная точка;

управление сигналами;

разнообразие ламп;

полупроводниковый кристалл;

уменьшить вес;

сократить стоимость;

потребление электроэнергии;

высокая надежность;

твердотельные компоненты;

высокоскоростной компьютер;

микроволновые системы связи;

полупроводниковая технология;

интегральная схема;

обеспечить высокую скорость.

Translate the following word combinations into Russian:

power consumption;

signals manipulation;

transistor invention;

circuit functions;

communication systems;

data processing system;

integrated circuits development;

science field;

process control;

automatization processes control;

circuit components;

size reduction;

electronics development;

communication means;

problem solution;

space exploration;

pattern recognition;

air traffic control.

Answer the questions according to the text:

What is electronics?

Can you imagine modern life without electronics?

Where are electronic devices used?

What was the beginning of electronics development?

What made the progress in radio communication technology possible?

What is the transistor?

When was the transistor invented?

What aim was realized with the invention of the transistor?

When were integrated circuits discovered?

What advantages did the transistors have over the vacuum tubes?

Retell the text in writing (15-20 sentences).

UNIT 2

THE FIRST CALCULATING DEVICES

Let us take a look at the history of computers that we know today. The very first calculating device used was the ten fingers of a man's hands. This, in fact, is why today we still count in tens and multiple of tens.

Then the abacus was invented. People went on using some form of abacus well into the 16th century, and it is still being used in some parts of the world because it can be understood without knowing how to read.

During the 17th and 18th centuries many people tried to find easy ways of calculating. J. Napier was a Scotsman who invented a mechanical way of multiplying and dividing, which is now the modern slide rule works. Henry Briggs used Napier's ideas to produce logarithm tables which all mathematicians use today. Calculus, another branch of mathematics, was independently invented by Sir Isaak Newton and Leibnitz. The first real calculating machine appeared in 1820 as the result of several people's experiments.

In 1830 Charles Babbage, a gifted English mathematician, proposed to build a general-purpose problem-solving machine that he called "the analytical engine". This machine, which Babbage showed at the Paris Exhibition in 1855, was an attempt to cut out the human being altogether, except for providing the machine with the necessary facts about the problem to be solved. He never finished this work, but many of his ideas were the basis for building today's computers.

By the early part of the twentieth century electromechanical machines had been developed and were used for business data processing. Dr. Herman Hollerith, a young statistician from the US Census Bureau successfully tabulated the 1890 census. Hollerith invented a means of coding the data by punching holes into cards. He built one machine to punch the holes and others – to tabulate the collected data. Later Hollerith left the Census Bureau and established his own tabulating machine company.

Through a series of merges the company eventually became the IBM Corporation. Until the middle of the twentieth century machines designed to manipulate punched card data were widely used for business data processing. These early electromechanical data processors were called unit record machines because each punched card contained a unit of data.

In the middle of 1940s electronic computers were developed to perform calculations for military and scientific purposes. By the end of the 1960s commercial models of these computers were widely used for both scientific computation and business data processing. Initially these computers accepted their input data from punched cards. By the late 1970s punched cards had been almost universally replaced by keyboard terminals. Since that time advances in science have led to the proliferation of computers throughout our society, and the past is but the prologue that gives us a glimpse of the technological progress.

Answer the following questions:

What was the very first calculating device?

What is the abacus?

What is the modern slide rule?

Who gave the ideas for producing logarithm tables?

How did Newton and Leibnitz contribute to the problem of calculation?

When did the first calculating machine appear?

What was the main idea of Ch.Babbage's machine?

How did electromechanical machines appear and what were they used for?

What means of 33 Unit 3. History of Computers coding the data did Hollerith devise?

How were those electromechanical machines called and why?

What kind of computers appeared later?

What new had the computers of 1970s?

Find the English equivalences for the following phrases in the text:

calculating device;

merge;

slide rule;

punched card data;

glimpse;

the analytical engine;

to cut out;

statistician;

abacus;

to tabulate;

census;

input data;

to punch;

to count in tens;

unit record machines;

scientific computation;

multiple of tens;

keyboard terminals;

proliferation;

calculus.

Write a short summary of the text.

Answer the question in writing (10 sentences) – Was creating of calculating devices a breakthrough in scientific sphere?

UNIT 3

WHAT IS A COMPUTER?

A computer is a machine with an intricate network of electronic circuits that operate switches or magnetize tiny metal cores. The switches, like the cores, are capable of being in one or two possible states, that is, on or off; magnetized or demagnetized. The machine is capable of storing and manipulating numbers, letters, and characters (symbols).

The basic idea of a computer is that we can make the machine do what we want by inputting signals that turn certain switches on and turn others off, or magnetize or do not magnetize the cores.

The basic job of computers is processing of information. For this reason computers can be defined as devices which accept information in the form of instructions, called a program, and characters, called data, perform mathematical and/or logical operations on the information, and then supply results of these operations. The program, or part of it, which tells the computers what to do and the data, which provide the information needed to solve the problem, are kept inside the computer in a place called memory.

It is considered that computers have many remarkable powers. However, most computers, whether large or small, have three basic capabilities.

First, computers have circuits for performing arithmetic operations, such as: addition, subtraction, division, multiplication and exponentiation.

Second, computers have a means of communicating with the user. After all, if we couldn't feed information in and get results back, these machines wouldn't be of much use. Some of the most common methods of inputting information are to use terminals, diskettes, disks and magnetic tapes. The computer's input device (a disk drive or tape drive) reads the information into the computer. For outputting information two common devices used are: a printer, printing the new information on paper, and a cathode-ray-tube display, which shows the results on a TV-like screen.

Third, computers have circuits which can make decisions. The kinds of decisions which computer circuits can make are not of the type: "Who would win the war between two countries?" or "Who is the richest person in the world?" Unfortunately, the computer can only decide three things, namely: Is one number less than another? Are two numbers equal? And, Is one number greater than another?

A computer can solve a series of problems and make thousands of logical decisions without becoming tired. It can find the solution to a problem in a fraction of the time it takes a human being to do the job.

A computer can replace people in dull, routine tasks, but it works according to the instructions given to it. There are times when a computer seems to operate like a mechanical 'brain', but its achievements are limited by the minds of human beings. A computer cannot do anything unless a person tells it what to do and gives it the necessary information; but because electric pulses can move at the speed of light, a computer can carry out great numbers of arithmetic-logical operations almost instantaneously. A person can do the same, but in many cases that person would be dead long before the job was finished.

Study the vocabulary. Put down the following words into your notebooks:

intricate – сложный, запутанный;

electronic circuit – электронная цепь/схема;

to operate switches – приводить в действие переключатели;

to store numbers – запоминать числа;

to manipulate – управлять/преобразовывать;

to input / to feed in – вводить (информацию);

to turn on = to switch on – включать;

to turn off = to switch of – выключать;

to process data – обрабатывать данные;

to supply – вводить/обеспечивать;

addition [s'difn] – сложение;

subtraction – вычитание;

division – деление;

multiplication – умножение;

exponentiation – возведение в степень;

user – пользователь;

input device – устройство ввода;

disk drive – дисковое запоминающее устройство, дисковод;

tape drive – запоминающее устройство на магнитной ленте;

cathode-ray tube – электроннолучевая трубка;

to make decisions – принимать решения;

instantaneously – мгновенно.

Answer the following questions according to the text:

What is a computer?

What are the main functions of a computer?

In what way can we make the computer do what we want?

What is the basic task of a computer?

In what form does a computer accept information?

What is a program?

What are data?

What is memory?

What three basic capabilities have computers?

What is the function of an input device?

What devices are used for outputting information?

What decisions can the computer make?

Find English equivalents in the text and put it down:

cложная сеть электронных цепей;

приводить в действие;

хранить (запоминать) числа;

обрабатывать символы;

размагничивать сердечники;

обработка информации;

символы, называемые данными;

выполнять математические операции;

сложение, вычитание, деление, умножение;

возведение в степень;

устройство ввода;

дисковод;

нудная рутинная работа;

электрические импульсы.

Write the names under the correct pictures:

UNIT 4

CLASSES OF COMPUTERS

Scan the text and match the pictures with the computer types.

1	2
3	4
5	6

Read the text again and say which device uses UNIX as the operating system.

Supercomputer is the fastest type of computer. Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed for specialized applications that require immense amounts of mathematical calculations. For example, weather forecasting requires a supercomputer. Other uses of supercomputers include animated graphics, fluid dynamic calculations, nuclear energy research, and petroleum exploration.

The chief difference between a supercomputer and a mainframe is that a supercomputer channels all its power into executing a few programs as fast as possible, whereas a mainframe uses its power to execute many programs concurrently.

Mainframe is a very large and expensive computer capable of supporting hundreds, or even thousands, of connected users simultaneously. In the hierarchy that starts with a simple microprocessor (in watches, for example) at the bottom and moves to supercomputers at the top, mainframes are just below supercomputers. In some ways, mainframes are more powerful than supercomputers because they support more simultaneous programs. But supercomputers can execute a single program faster than a mainframe. The distinction between small mainframes and minicomputers is vague, depending really on how the manufacturer wants to market its machines.

Minicomputer is a midsized computer. In size and power, minicomputers lie between workstations and mainframes. In the past decade, the distinction between large minicomputers and small mainframes has blurred, however, as has the distinction between small minicomputers and workstations. But in general, a minicomputer is a multiprocessing system capable of supporting from 4 to about 200 users simultaneously.

The term microcomputer is generally synonymous with personal computer (PC), or a computer that depends on a microprocessor. Microcomputers are designed to be used by individuals, whether in the form of PCs, workstations or notebook computers. A microcomputer contains a central processing unit (CPU) on a microchip (the microprocessor), a memory system (typically read-only memory (ROM) and random access memory (RAM)), a bus system and I/O ports, typically housed in a motherboard.

Workstation is a computer intended for individual use that is faster and more capable than a personal computer. It's intended for business or professional use (rather than home or recreational use). Workstations and applications designed for them are used by small engineering companies, architects, graphic designers, and any organization, department, or individual that requires a faster microprocessor, a large amount of random access memory, and special features such as high-speed graphics adapters. Historically, the workstation developed technologically about the same time and for the same audience as the UNIX operating system, which is often used as the workstation operating system. Among the most successful makers of this kind of workstation are Sun Microsystems, Hewlett-Packard, DEC, and IBM.

PDA is short for personal digital assistant, is a handheld device that combines computing, telephone/fax, Internet and networking features. A typical PDA can function as a cellular phone, fax sender, Web browser and personal organizer. PDAs may also be referred to as a palmtop, hand-held computer or pocket computer.

Unlike portable computers, most PDAs began as pen-based, using a stylus rather than a keyboard for input. This means that they also incorporated handwriting recognition features. Some PDAs can also react to voice input by using voice recognition technologies. PDAs are available in either a stylus or keyboard version.

Apple Computer, which introduced the Newton Message Pad in 1993, was one of the first companies to offer PDAs. Shortly thereafter, several other manufacturers offered similar products. One of the most popular brands of PDAs was the series of Palm Pilots from Palm, Inc.

As technology changed the world of mobile devices, the PDA has become obsolete as devices like touch-screen smartphones and tablets grow in popularity. Many of the original manufacturers of PDAs eventually entered the smartphone and tablet market, or were bought out by larger companies. For example, Palm was purchased by HP and the operating system was used in a line of early HP Touch Pads.

3. Match the synonyms and their Russian equivalents:

need

huge

perform

concurrent

channel

able

outmoded

blurred

capable одновременный

direct устаревший

require огромный

obsolete смутный

vague выполнять

immense требоваться

simultaneous способный

execute направлять

4. Fill in the gaps with the words from the previous exercise:

Please call this number if you … any further information.

A lot of money has been … into research in that particular field.

We need to get an assistant who's … and efficient.

Their report is deliberately … on future economic prospects

Gas lamps became … when electric lighting was invented.

The exhibition reflected … developments abroad.

I have a python script that needs to … an external program, but for some reason fails.

5. Translate the following word combinations using the vocabulary of the text:

Универсальная ЭВМ

Рабочая станция /дисплейный терминал

Персональный цифровой ассистент

Карманный/ручной компьютер

компьютер с перьевым вводом данных

За последние годы стерлось различие между большим миникомпьютером и небольшой универсальной ЭВМ.

Персональный компьютер предназначен для работы и отдыха.

В карманный компьютер заложена функция распознавания рукописного текста и голосовых сообщений.

6. Put the words in the brackets in the correct form:

Supercomputer is the (fast) and (expensive) type of computer.

Mainframes are (expensive) than supercomputers.

Supercomputers are (good) at executing a few programs as fast as possible, whereas mainframes are (good) at executing many programs concurrently.

In some ways, mainframes are (powerful) than supercomputers because they support (many) simultaneous programs.

But supercomputers can execute a single program (fast) than a mainframe.

Minicomputers are (powerful) than workstations but (powerful) than mainframes.

Minicomputers are (small) than mainframes but (big) than workstations.

Large minicomputers are as powerful (as/ than) small mainframes.

Workstations are not (so/more) powerful as small mainframes.

A workstation has a (fast) microprocessor, a (large) amount of RAM than a PC.

PDA is (small) of the devices mentioned in the text.

7. In the text find the answers to the questions:

Which of the devices …

is capable of supporting 300-3000 users simultaneously?

is intended for business or professional use?

can function as a cellular phone?

is used for animated graphics?

incorporates handwriting recognitionfeatures?

is used by small engineering companies?

is capable of supporting 15-150 users simultaneously?

is employed for specialized applications that require immense amounts of mathematical calculations?

has come out of use because of new technologies?

reacts to voice input by using voice recognition technologies?

is referred to as hand-held computer?

is used by graphic designers?

is used for nuclear energy research?

is used by architects?

is the fastest type of computers?

UNIT 5

COMPUTER SYSTEMS

Computer can be divided into three main types, depending on their size and power.

Mainframe computers are the largest and most powerful. They can handle large amounts of information very quickly and can be used by many people at the same time. They usually fill a whole room and are sometimes referred to as mainframes or computer installations. They are found in large institutions like universities and government departments.

Minicomputers, commonly known as minis, are smaller and less powerful than mainframes. They are about the size of an office desk and are usually found in banks and offices. They are becoming less popular as microcomputers improve.

Microcomputers, commonly known as micros, are the smallest and least powerful. They are about the size of a typewriter. They can handle smaller amounts of information at a time and are slower than the other two types. They are ideal for use as home computers and are also used in education and business. More powerful microcomputers are gradually being produced; therefore they are becoming the most commonly used type of computers.

A computer can do very little until it is given some information. This is known as the input and usually consists of program and some data.

A program is a set of instructions, written in a special computer language, telling the computer what operations and processes have to be carried out and in what order they should be done. Data, however, is the particular information that has to be processed by the computer, e.g. numbers , names, measurements. Data brought out of the computer is known as the output.

When a program is put into operation, the computer executes the program step by step to process the data. The same program can be used with different sets of data.

Information in the form of programs and data is called software, but the pieces of equipment making up the computer system are known as hardware.

The most important item of hardware is the CPU (Central Processing Unit). This is the electronic unit at the center of the computer system. It contains the processor and the main memory.

The processor is the brain of the computer. It does all the processing and controls all the other devices in the computer system.

The main memory is the part of the computer where programs and data being used by the processor can be stored. However it only stores information while the computer is switched on and it has a limited capacity.

All the other devices in the computer system, which can be connected to the CPU, are known as peripherals. These include input devices, output devices and storage devices.

An input device is a peripheral, which enables information to be fed into the computer. The most commonly used input device is a keyboard, similar to a typewriter keyboard.

An output device is a peripheral, which enables information to be brought out of the computer, usually to display the processed data. The most commonly used output device is a specially adapted television known as a monitor or VDU (Visual Display Unit). Another common output device is a printer. This prints the output of the CPU onto paper.

A storage device is a peripheral used for the permanent storage of information. It has a much greater capacity than the main memory and commonly uses magnetic tape or magnetic disks as the storage medium.

These are the main pieces of hardware of any computer system whether a small “micro” or a large mainframe system.

Vocabulary

divide into – разделить

depend on – зависеть от

size – размер

mainframe computer – универсальная вычислительная машина

powerful – мощный

handle – обрабатывать

fill – занимать

referred to – относиться к

installations – системы

institution – организация

Government departments – государственные учреждения

minicomputer – мини-ЭВМ

microcomputers – микро-ЭВМ

typewriter – печатная машинка

commonly know – широко известный

input – вводная информация

data – данные

a set of – набор

carry out – выполнять

to be processed by – обрабатываться

measurements – измерения

brought out – выдает

output – производительность

capacity – производительность

put into operation – запустить

execute – выполнять

software – программное обеспечение

pieces of equipment – единица оборудования

hardware – аппаратное оборудование

item – элемент

Central Processing Unit – центральный процессор

contain – включать в себя

main memory – оперативная память

brain – мозг

store information – хранить информацию

switch on – включать

limited capacity – ограниченные возможности

peripherals – второстепенное оборудование

input device – вводное устройство

lead into – вводить

keyboard – клавиатура

output device – выводное устройство

display the processed data – отображать на дисплее получ. данные

storage device – запоминающее устройство

permanent – длительное хранение

magnetic tape – магнитная лента

storage medium – носитель информации

mainframe system – универсальная система

Answer the following questions:

What type of computer is most suitable for home use?

What is a program?

What are the functions of main memory, input device and storage device?

What data is?

What are the functions of processor and output device?

What are peripherals?

What is hardware?

What is software?

What are the main types of computers?

Match each component in column A with its function in column B:

storage device

input device

output device

main memory

processor

displays the processed data

it holds the programs and data being used by the processor

it does all the processing and controls the peripherals

it allows data to be entered

it provides permanent storage for programs and data

Complete the table:

	Mainframe	Minicomputer	Microcomputer
Size
Power
Use

Find the English equivalents for these word combinations:

Самый важный элемент аппаратного оборудования; запоминающее устройство – это второстепенное оборудование; одна и та же программа может использоваться с разными данными; компьютерная система; размером с печатную машинку, зависит от размера и мощности, самый широко распространенный, хранить информацию, вводная информация.

UNIT 6

SOFTWARE. TYPES OF SOFTWARE

A computer to complete a job requires more than just the actual equipment or hardware we see and touch. It requires Software – programs for directing the operation of a computer or electronic data.

Software is the final computer system component. These computer programs instruct the hardware how to conduct processing. The computer is a general-purpose machine which requires specific software to perform a given task. Computers can input, calculate, compare, and output data as information. Software determines the order in which these operations are performed.

Programs usually fall in one of two categories: system software and applications software.

System software controls standard internal computer activities. An operating system, for example, is a collection of system programs that aid in the operation of a computer regardless of the application software being used. When a computer is first turned on, one of the systems programs is booted or loaded into the computers memory. This software contains information about memory capacity, the model of the processor, the disk drives to be used, and more. Once the system software is loaded, the applications software can start to work.

System programs are designed for the specific pieces of hardware. These programs are called drivers and coordinate peripheral hardware and computer activities. User needs to install a specific driver in order to activate his or her peripheral device. For example, if you intend to buy a printer or a scanner you need to worry in advance about the driver program which commonly go along with your device. By installing the driver you «teach» your mainboard to «understand» the newly attached part.

Applications software satisfies your specific need. The programmers nowadays tend to include all kinds of gimmicks in one program to make software interface look more attractive to the user. These class of programs is the most numerous and perspective from the marketing point of view.

Vocabulary:

to direct – управлять

to conduct – проводить

general purpose – многоцелевой

to require – требовать

system software – системное программное обеспечение

application software – прикладное программное обеспечение

internal – внутренний

to load – загружать

specific – конкретный, определенный

regardless of – несмотря на

to install – устанавливать

to boot – запускать

to develop – развивать, проявлять, разрабатывать

to provide with – обеспечивать чем-либо

to attach – присоединять

1. Translate from Russian into English:

управление работой компьютера,

электронные данные,

проводить обработку,

многоцелевая машина,

программное обеспечение,

вводить,

считать,

сравнивать,

выводить данные,

определять порядок,

системное программное обеспечение.

2. Find English equivalents in the text:

Программное обеспечение – программы для управления работой компьютера или электронными данными.

Программное обеспечение определяет порядок выполнения операций.

Прикладные программы удовлетворяют вашу потребность.

Системное программное обеспечение контролирует стандартные внутренние деятельности компьютера.

Программисты сегодня имеют тенденцию включать все виды приманок в одну программу.

3. Complete the sentences:

Software – programs for directing … .

Computers can … .

Software determines … .

Programs usually fall in one of two categories … .

System software controls … .

An operating system, for example, is a collection … .

System programs are designed … .

By installing the driver you … .

Applications software satisfies … .

This class of programs is … .

4. Make up the sentences:

1. The computer is …	a) requires more than just the actual equipment or hardware we see and touch.
2. Software determines …	b) your specific need.
3. System programs are designed …	c) a general-purpose machine which requires specific software to perform a given task.
4. Applications software satisfies …	d) for the specific pieces of hardware.
5. A computer to complete a job …	e) the order in which these operations are performed.

5. Answer the questions:

In what two basic groups software could be divided?

What is system software for?

What is software?

What is an operating system?

What is application software?

What is application software for?

6. Say if the following sentences are True or False:

Computer programs only instruct the hardware how to handle data storage.

System software controls standard internal computer activities.

The computer is a general-purpose machine which requires specific software to perform a given task.

Computers can only input, calculate data as information.

Programs usually fall in one of two categories: system software and applications software.

UNIT 7

OPERATING SYSTEM

Read the text and enumerate types of operating systems:

Answer the questions:

What are the functions of the Service management?

What is the role of Access control?

What does device management include?

What does GUI allow?

How can be application run, configured or deleted?

Match the term with its characteristic feature:

Windows registry …	organizes the settings
Windows settings app …	manages applications installed on the system
Device management …	helps in keeping storage devices well maintained
Disk management …	stores settings
Access control …	keeps the system up to date
Graphical user interface …	displays pictures, icons and images on a screen
Operating system …	displays text on a screen accepting input from the keyboard
Application management …	manages antivirus preventing malicious files from accessing the computer
Command line interface …	determines the hardware
Windows update …	makes people, hardware and software interface with each other

Translate the following words and word combinations into Russia:

icon;

interfaces;

hardware;

storage device;

management;

input;

touch

screen;

verify;

software;

credential;

antimalware software;

malicious file;

settings.

UNIT 8

COMPUTER PROGRAMMING

Programming is the process of preparing a set of coded instructions which enables the computer to solve specific problems or to perform specific functions. The essence of computer programming is the encoding of the program for the computer by means of algorithms. The thing is that any problem is expressed in mathematical terms, it contains formulae, equations and calculations. But the computer cannot manipulate formulae, equations and calculations. Any problem must be specially processed for the computer to understand it, that is – coded or programmed.

The phase in which the system's computer programs are written is called the development phase. The programs are lists of instructions that will be followed by the control unit of the central processing unit (CPU). The instructions of the program must be complete and in the appropriate sequence, or else the wrong answers will result. To guard against these errors in logic and to document the program's logical approach, logic plans should be developed.

There are two common techniques for planning the logic of a program. The first technique is flowcharting. A flowchart is a plan in the form of a graphic or pictorial representation that uses predefined symbols to illustrate the program logic. It is, therefore, a "picture" of the logical steps to be performed by the computer. Each of the predefined symbol shapes stands for a general operation. The symbol shape communicates the nature of the general operation, and the specifics are written within the symbol. A plastic or metal guide called a template is used to make drawing the symbols easier.

The second technique for planning program logic is called pseudocode. Pseudocode is an imitation of actual program instructions. It allows a program-like structure without the burden of programming rules to follow. Pseudocode is less time-consuming for the professional programmer than is flowcharting. It also emphasizes a top-down approach to program structure. Pseudocode has three basic structures: sequence, decision, and looping logic. With these three structures, any required logic can be expressed.

1. Copy the following words and word combinations into your notebooks:

equation – уравнение/приравнивание;

list of instructions – перечень команд;

guard – защищать/охранять;

appropriate sequence – необходимая последовательность;

program logic – логическая последовательность выполнения программы;

flowchart – блок-схема;

flowcharting – построение блок-схемы;

pictorial representation – наглядное представление;

predefined symbols – заранее заданные символы;

emplate – шаблон/образец;

pseudocode – псевдокод/псевдопрограмма;

burden – издержки/затраты;

consume – потреблять/расходовать;

emphasize – выделять/подчеркивать;

top-down approach – принцип нисходящей разработки;

looping logic – логическая схема выполнения (операций) в цикле.

2. Answer the following questions:

What is programming?

What is the essence of programming?

What should be done with the problem before processing by the computer?

What is a program?

What are instructions?

What are the main techniques for planning the program logic?

What is a flowchart?

What is a template and what is it used for?

What do you understand by "pseudocode"?

What are the basic structures of pseudocode?

3. Find English equivalents for the following words in the text:

совокупность закодированных команд;

суть компьютерного программирования;

кодирование посредством алгоритма;

необходимая последовательность;

составлять план логической последовательности;

логическая последовательность выполнения программы;

построение блок-схемы;

псевдопрограмма.

4. Match the phrases from the first column to the words from the second one:

application program;	выполняемая программа;
binary program;	сторожевая программа;
archived program;	вспомогательная программа;
operating (system) program;	программа в двоичном коде;
running program;	программа моделирования;
watch-dog program;	дистанционная программа;
simulation program;	прикладная программа;
remote program;	сервисная программа;
support program;	программа операционной системы;
utility program.	заархивированная программа.

UNIT 9

THE CPU MAIN COMPONENTS.

As it is known the two functional units of the CPU are the control unit (CU) and the arithmetic-logical unit (ALU). The control unit manages and coordinates the entire computer system. It obtains instructions from the program stored in main memory, interprets the instructions, and issues signals that cause other units of the system to execute them.

The control unit operates by reading one instruction at a time from memory and taking the action called for by each instruction. In this way it controls the flow between the main storage and the arithmetic-logical unit.

The control unit has the following components: a counter that selects the instructions, one at a time, from memory; a register that temporarily holds the instructions read from memory while it is being executed; a decoder that takes the coded instruction and breaks it down into individual commands necessary to carry it out; a clock, which produces marks at regular intervals. These timing marks are electronic and very rapid.

The sequence of control unit operations is as follows. The next instruction to be executed is read out from primary storage into the storage register. The instruction is passed from the storage to the instruction register. Then the operation part of the instruction is decoded so that proper arithmetic or logical operation can be performed. The address of the operand is sent from the instruction register to the address register. At last the instruction counter register provides the address register with the address of the next instruction to be executed.

The arithmetic-logical unit (ALU) executes the processing operrand is sent from the instruction register to the processing operations called for by the instructions brought from main memory by the control unit. Binary arithmetic, the logical operations and some special functions are performed by the arithmetical-logical unit.

Data enter the ALU and return to main storage though the storage register. The accumulator serving as a register holds the results of processing operations. The results of arithmetic operations are returned to the accumulator for transfer to main storage though the storage register. The comparer performs logical comparisons of the contents of the storage register and the accumulator. Typically, the comparer tests for conditions such as “less than”, “equal to”, or “greater than”.

So as you see the primary components of the arithmetic-logical unit are banks of bistable devices, which are called register. Their purpose is to hold the numbers involved in the calculation and hold the results temporarily until they can be transferred to memory. At the core of the ALU is a very high speed binary adder, which is used to carry out at least the four basic arithmetic functions (addition, subtraction, multiplication and division). The logical unit consists of electronic circuitry which compares information and makes decisions based upon the results of the comparison.

Copy out the vocabulary:

control unit (CU) – блок управления

arithmetic-logical unit (ALU) – арифметико-логический блок

to obtain – получать

to store – хранить

to issue – выдавать

to execute – выполнять

flow – поток

counter – счетчик

decoder – декодер

to carry out – выполнять

rapid – быстрый

sequence – последовательность

primary storage – первичное хранилище

storage register – регистр хранения

instruction register – регистр команд

operand – операнд/объект действия

address register – адресный регистр

binary arithmetic – двоичная арифметика

accumulator – аккумулятор/сумматор

comparer – компаратор/блок сравнения

logical comparisons – логическое сравнение

banks of bistable devices – система бистальных устройств (устройств с двумя устойчивыми состояниями)

binary adder – двоичный сумматор

electronic circuitry – электронная схема

Answer the following questions:

What are the functional units of CPU?

What is the function of CU?

How does CU operate?

What is the function of a counter?

What role does a decoder play?

What is the sequence of cu operations?

What is the function of the arithmetic-logical unit?

What operations are performed by ALU?

What primary components does ALU consist of?

What is the function of an accumulator?

Find equivalents for the following words and word combinations in the text:

результаты сравнения;

принимать решения;

умножение;

двоичный сумматор;

сложение;

адресный регистр;

дешифратор;

вычитание;

адрес операнда;

датчик;

счетчик;

регистр памяти;

основная память;

последовательность операций.

UNIT 10

APPLICATION PROGRAMS

An Application Program is a software program that performs a specific function, such as accounting, word processing or drafting. There are some categories of application program to choose from spreadsheet, Database Management, Computer Aided Design (CAD), Communications, Graphic presentations, desktop Publishing, Integrated Programs, Window and Windows – based Programs. Within each category, there are several software programs which have gained industry-wide acceptance.

Word processing: is the most common application for a personal computer. Most word processing software programs allow us to create, edit, and save documents, along with changing the position of the text in a document, inserting new information in the middle of the text, or removing words and sections no longer needed. With a typewriter, you would have to re-type the entire document after a few major changes. Given a computer, a document can be stored electronically and retrieved at any time for modification.

Examples of word processing programs include: Word Perfect; MS-Word; Multimate; Wordstar; Displaywrite; Word for Windows; Word Perfect for Windows.

Accounting and spreadsheets: One of the primary functions of the first mainframe computers was to store and calculate volumes of financial data for banks and large businesses. Nowadays, a personal computer is capable of handing the accounting and finances of almost any small to medium-sized business. Many different programs are available for plotting financial trends and performing everyday bookkeeping functions. One of the most popular financial tools is called a spreadsheet. An electronic spreadsheet is a software program, which performs mathematical calculations and ‘want – if’ analysis. Besides replacing your pencil and calculator for solving financial and statistical problems, spreadsheets can display line graphics, bar chats, and scatter plot diagrams. Often accounting and spreadsheet programs are designed to work together, in efforts to provide the financial solution.

Examples of accounting programs include: ACCPAC Simply Accounting, ACCPAC plus, Business Vision Turbo, New Views Accounting, Great Plains, Dac Easy, Peach Tree, Abacus II.

Examples of spreadsheet programs include: Lotus 1-2-3, MS-Exel, Quatro Pro, Supercale.

Database Management. A database is a simply collection of related information. Some common examples are a phone book, an inventory list, a personal file. A Database Management Software program assists in manipulating and organizing the information in a database. A database application is any task ordinarily handled by a filing cabinet, multiply file folders, or some other information storage system. In a manual system, for example, each drawer in filing cabinet is reserved for a specific purpose, such as maintaining profile sheets on customers. Each profile is written on a standard form and a clerk places the file folder in the drawer. This manual process is identical to a computerized database, where the database software performs the function of the filing clerk. Rather that placing the customer profiles in the filing cabinet drawer, a computerized database stores each profile electronically on a disk.

Some examples of a database management programs: Dbase, R:BASE, Paradox, FoxPro, Q&A, Oracle.

Computer Aided Design. Computers are the perfect tools for creating drawing or architectural plans. Because the drawings can be saved, it is easy to incorporate modifications, design improvements and corrections. Computers are often used on the final process of converting a computer drawing into a physical product. One such example is the manufacturing of electronic circuit boards. First, the electronic circuit drafting program produces the schematic design, then a second program tests the design by simulating the circuit’s operation, and finally a third program constructs the circuit board from the design layout.

Computer Aided Design programs are: AutoCAD, TANGO, PCAD, Generic CAD.

Communications: Computers can communicate with each other via regular telephone lines and modems. Communication software programs enable different types of computers to exchange data using a common language. The IMB PC can actually emulate various types of equipment, around the world, with the help of software. Communication programs are: Smartcom, Kermit, Crosstalk, PC Talk, Pro Comm, PC Anywhere, CloseUp.

Graphic Presentations: There are actually some people, who prefer to look at 14 columns of numbers across several pages for analyzing a business’ performance. These people are called accountants. However, most people are visual learners of diagrams, graphs and charts for representing numerical trends. There are a variety of programs for displaying information graphically: –Lotus 1-2-3, Exel, Quatro Pro, Chartmaster, Chart, Harvard Graphics, Micrografix Powerpoint, DrawPerfect.

Desktop Publishing is the process of taking a document and inserting graphics and applying enhanced formatting options. These programs take text from the more common word processor and produce print-shop quality output. Desktop publishing programs are used to create newsletters, brochures, reports, book and other publications.

Desktop publishing programs include: Aldus PageMaker, Ventura Publisher, AMI Professional. Integrated Programs: they unite one or more of the primary computer applications, whether word processing, spreadsheet or database into a single package. These programs allow people to experiment with the major computer applications, while only investing in a single product. The post popular integrated programs are: –MS-Works, Q&A, Eight in one, Symphony, Framework.

Microsoft Windows. Windows is a program, which enhances many aspects of using a microcomputer. It provides a graphical user interface (GUI and pronounced «Gooey») for programs running under the Windows environment. In other word, Windows allows a person to use a mouse and choose special symbols to point at and select desired functions, rather than having to remember commands. As well Windows’ products allow a WYSIWYG (‘what you see is, what you get’) screen display, especially important for word processing and desktop publishing programs.

1. Translate these into your own language:

software program

application program

industry-wide acceptance

along with changing the position

no longer needed

to re-type the entire document

calculate volumes of financial data

bookkeeping functions

to assist in manipulating and organizing the information

perfect tools

program tests the design

emulate various types

select desired functions

2. Find English equivalents to the following words and expressions in the text:

выполнять специфическую функцию

самая распространенная прикладная программа

создавать, редактировать, сохранять документы

вставлять новую информацию

удалять слова, которые больше не нужны

получить в любое время

быть способным, быть в состоянии что-либо выполнять

ручной процесс

пласт

используется, чтобы создать

позволяет людям экспериментировать

выбрать

3. Finish the sentences according to the text:

An application program is a software ..... .

Word processing software programs allow us ..... .

An electronic spreadsheet is a ..... .

A data base application is any task ..... .

Computers are perfect tools for ..... .

Communication programs enable different types of computers ......

There are people who prefer to look at 14 columns of numbers across several pages for ..... .

These programs take text from the more common word processor and ..... .

Windows allows a person ..... .

4. What kind of programs do you choose to perform the following tasks:

to create, edit and save documents;

to make a phone book, inventory list, a personal file;

to store and calculate volumes of financial data for banks;

to use a mouse and choose special symbols to point at and select desired functions;

to create drawings or architectural plans;

to communicate with other persons via regular telephone to exchange data using a common language;

to unite one or more of the primary computer applications.

5. Give appropriate definitions and examples of the following application programs:

word-processing

accounting and spreadsheets

database management

computer aided design

communications

graphic presentations

desktop publishing

Microsoft Windows

6. Answer the questions:

What is an application program?

What does word processing software program allow to do?

What was one of the primary functions of the first mainframe computers?

What is a personal computer capable doing now?

What is spreadsheet?

What is database?

What are the perfect tools for creating drawings?

What are desktop publishing programs used to?

What is windows?

UNIT 11

TEXT EDITORS

History

Before text editors existed, computer text was punched into cards with keypunch machines. Physical boxes of these thin cardboard cards were then inserted into a card-reader. Magnetic tape and disk "card-image" files created from such card decks often had no line-separation characters at all, and assumed fixed-length 80-character records. An alternative to cards was punched paper tape. It could be created by some teleprinters, which used special characters to indicate ends of records.

The first text editors were "line editors" oriented to typewriter-style terminals without displays. Commands effected edits to a file at an imaginary insertion point called the "cursor". Edits were verified by typing a command to print a small section of the file, and periodically by printing the entire file. In some line editors, the cursor could be moved by commands that specified the line number in the file, text strings for which to search, and regular expressions. Line editors were major improvements over keypunching. Some line editors could be used by keypunch.

When computer terminals with video screens became available, screen-based text editors became common. One of the earliest full-screen editors was “O26”, which was written for the operator console of the CDC 6000 series computers in 1967. Another early full-screen editor was “vi”. Written in the 1970s, it is still a standard editor on Unix and Linux operating systems.

Also written in the 1970s was the UCSD Pascal Screen Oriented Editor, which was optimized both for indented source code as well as general text.

Emacs, one of the first free and open source software projects, is another early full-screen or real-time editor, one that was ported to many systems. A full-screen editor's ease-of-use and speed (compared to the line-based editors) motivated many early purchases of video terminals.

The core data structure in a text editor is the one that manages the sequence of characters or list of records that represents the current state of the file being edited. While the former could be stored in a single long consecutive array of characters, the desire for text editors that could more quickly insert and delete text.

Vocabulary:

punch – вбивать

keypunch machine – клавишный перфоратор

physical box –

cardboard card – перфокарта

insert – вставлять

card-reader – устройство считывания с перфокарт

magnetic tape – магнитная лента

card-image file – отображение данных перфокарты

card deck – колода перфокарт

line-separation character – разделительный символ

assume – принимать

punched paper-tape – бумажная перфолента

teleprinter – телетайп

indicate – отображать

line editor – редактор строк

typewriter-style terminal – клавиатура по типу пишущей машинки

edits – система передачи изображений

insertion point – место ввода

text string – текстовая строка

regular expression – регулярное выражение

screen-based text editors – экранный текстовый редактор

operator console – пульт оператора

indented source code – закрытый исходный текст

source software project – программа с открытыми исходными кодами

ease-of-use – простой в управлении

purchase – покупка

core data structure – структура основных данных

sequence of characters – порядок символов

current state – текущее состояние

consecutive array – последовательный порядок

Match the following words to make word combinations:

source

punched

cardboard

consecutive

computer

real-time

line

keypunch

sequence of

software

screen-based

operating

insertion

card

line

text

video

operator

systems

paper tape

editors

array

cards

characters

strings

code

decks

terminals

projects

terminals

console

text editors

point

number

editor

machines

Answer the questions:

Where was computer text punched before the invention of text editors?

What does the core data structure manage in a text editor?

What is a standard editor on Unix?

How did keypunch machines work?

What was an alternative to cardboard cards?

What were line editors oriented to?

How were edits verified?

What is one of the first free source software projects?

When did screen-based text editors become common?

Types of texts

There are important differences between plain text (created and edited by text editors) and rich text (created by word processors or desktop publishing software).

Plain text consists of character representation. Each character is represented by a fixed-length sequence of one, two, or four bytes, or as a variable-length sequence of one to four bytes, in accordance to specific character encoding conventions.

These conventions define many printable characters, but also non-printing characters that control the flow of the text, such space, line break, and page break. Plain text contains no other information about the text itself, not even the character encoding convention employed. Plain text is stored in text files, although text files do not exclusively store plain text.

Rich text, on the other hand, may contain metadata, character formatting data, paragraph formatting data, and page specification data. Rich text can be very complex. Rich text can be saved in binary format, text files adhering to a markup language, or in a hybrid form of both.

Text editors are intended to open and save text files containing either plain text or anything that can be interpreted as plain text, including the markup for rich text.

Text editors have 5 main features:

Find and replace. Text editors provide extensive facilities for searching and replacing text, either on groups of files or interactively. Advanced editors can use regular expressions to search and edit text or code.

Cut, copy, and paste. Most text editors provide methods to duplicate and move text within the file, or between files.

Ability to handle UTF-8 encoded text.

Text formatting. Text editors often provide basic visual formatting features like line wrap, auto-indentation, bullet list formatting using ASCII characters, comment formatting, syntax highlighting and so on. These are typically only for display and do not insert formatting codes into the file itself.

Undo and redo. Text editors provide a way to undo and redo the last edit, or more.

Vocabulary:

plain text – обычный текст

rich text – форматированный текст

word processor – текстовый процессор

desktop publishing software – программное обеспечение для настольных издательских систем

character – символов

fixed-length sequence – фиксированная последовательность

variable-length sequence – переменная последовательность

character encoding – кодирование символов

convention – соглашение

the flow of the text – поток данных

line break – разрыв строки

page break – разрыв страницы

employed – применяемый

store – хранить

exclusively – исключительно

metadata – метаданные

character formatting data – данные форматирования символа

paragraph – абзац

page specification data – данные о странице

complex – сложный

binary – двоичный

adhering – придерживающийся

markup language – язык разметки

provide – предоставлять

facility – возможность

interactively – интерактивный режим

advanced – расширенный

expression – выражение

paste – вставка

within – внутри

handle – обработка

feature – функция

line wrap – перенос строк

auto-indentation – автоматическое отступление

bullet list – список маркеров

syntax highlighting – выделение синтаксических конструкций

display – отображать

undo – отмена

redo – восстановление

Answer the questions:

What is the difference between plain text and rich text?

What do non-printing characters control?

What are the typical creatures of text editors?

What are the basic visual formatting features?

What does rich text contain?

What does plain text contain?

What way can rich text be saved?

Match the following words:

printable

text

syntax

line

fixed-length

formatting

character

line

bullet

markup

binary

plain

comment

paragraph

word

page

last

formatting data

editor

processors

highlighting

break

representation

formatting

edit

characters

list formatting

format

codes

encoding

sequence

language

specification

wrap

text

UNIT 12

COMPUTER MEMORY

1. Copy out words in bold and translate them into Russian:

Software gives instructions that tell computers what to do. There are two kinds of software. The first is System Software and includes programs that run the computer system or that aid programmers in performing their work. The second kind of software is Application Software, which directs the computer to perform specific tasks that often involve the user.

Memory is the general term used to describe a computer system’s storage facilities. Memory’s job is to store the instruction or programs and data in the computer. Memory can be divided into two major categories: 1 – main memory, 2 – auxiliary storage. Main memory is also called main storage, internal storage or primary storage and is a part of the CPU. Main memory is usually on chips or a circuit board with the other two components of the CPU. RAM for Random Access Memory, is the storage area directly controlled by the computer’s CPU. Main Memory assists the control unit and the ALU by serving as a repository for the program being executed and for data as it passes through. RAM or Volatile memory so called because its contents are replaced when new instructions and data are added, or when electrical power to the computer is shut off. RAM is read-write memory, in that it can receive or read data and instructions from other sources such as auxiliary storage.

Another type of memory is ROM or Read Only Memory. ROM holds instructions that can be read by the computer but no written over. ROM is sometimes called firmware because it holds instructions from the firm or manufacturer.

Auxiliary storage, also called auxiliary memory or secondary storage, is memory that supplements main storage. This type of memory is long-term, Nonvolatile Memory. Nonvolatile means that computer is turned off or on.

2. Fill in the blanks necessary words:

1. ... gives instructions that tell computers what to do.

2. ... directs the computer to perform specific tasks that often involve the user.

3. Memory’s job is to store ... .

4. ... can be divided into two main categories.

5. Main memory is usually on ... .

6. ... is read-write memory.

7. ... holds instructions that can be read by the computer but no written over.

8. ... is memory that supplements main storage.

9. ... means that the computer is turned off or on.

3. Fill in the prepositions:

1. Memory can store instructions, programs, data ... the computer.

2. Main memory is usually ... chips or a circuit board ... the other two components of the CPU.

3. RAM ... random access memory is the storage area controlled ... the computer’s CPU.

4. Memory so called because its contents are replaced, when instructions are added or when electrical power is shut ... .

5. ROM holds instructions that can be read, but no written ... .

4. Find the synonyms for the following words:

A storage device, to perform, to handle, to process, a portion, to transmit, to store, a routing.

5. Find the antonyms to the following words:

To take away, to break down, secondary, external, old instructions, switch on, short-term.

6. Which sentences don’t correspond to the sense of the text:

1. CMOS is used in PCs to store information such as the amount of installed memory.

2. Software gives instructions that tell computers what to do.

3. CMOS also contains a wonderful clock with a built-in-alarm, which we don’t get to use.

4. The Software as most intangible products is not always capable of being readily evaluated.

5. Volatile memory is replaced when new instructions and data are added.

6. Firmware holds instructions from the firm or manufacturer.

7. CMOS memory is used on IBM compatible machines to store system information that needs to be preserved even when the computer is turned off.

7. Give the definition to the following terms and translate them:

software

memory

main memory

auxiliary memory

RAM

ROM

Volatile memory

nonvolatile memory

8. Answer the questions:

1. Does software give instructions that tell computers what to do?

2. How many kinds of software do you know? What are they?

3. When do you use the term ‘memory’?

4. What is the job of memory?

5. Can you name two major categories of memory?

UNIT 13

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Database Management System (DBMS) is a software for storing and retrieving users' data while considering appropriate security measures. It consists of a group of programs which manipulate the database. The DBMS accepts the request for data from an application and instructs the operating system to provide the specific data. In large systems, a DBMS helps users and other third-party software to store and retrieve data.

DBMS allows users to create their own databases as per their requirement. The term “DBMS” includes the user of the database and other application programs. It provides an interface between the data and the software application.

Characteristics of Database Management System:

Provides security and removes redundancy.

Self-describing nature of a database system.

Insulation between programs and data abstraction.

Support of multiple views of the data.

Sharing of data and multiuser transaction processing.

DBMS allows entities and relations among them to form tables.

It follows the ACID concept (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability).

DBMS supports multi-user environment that allows users to access and manipulate data in parallel.

Users in a DBMS environment:

Component Name	Task
Application Programmers	The Application programmers write programs in various programming languages to interact with databases.
Database Administrators	Database Admin is responsible for managing the entire DBMS system. He/She is called Database admin or DBA.
End-Users	The end users are the people who interact with the database management system. They conduct various operations on database like retrieving, updating, deleting, etc.

Four Types of DBMS are:

Hierarchical database

Network database

Relational database

Object-Oriented database

Hierarchical DBMS

In a Hierarchical database model data is organized in a tree-like structure. Data is Stored Hierarchically (top down or bottom up) format. Data is represented using a parent-child relationship. In Hierarchical DBMS parent may have many children, but children have only one parent.

Network Model

The network database model allows each child to have multiple parents. It helps you to address the need to model more complex relationships like as the orders/parts many-to-many relationship. In this model, entities are organized in a graph which can be accessed through several paths.

Relational model

Relational DBMS is the most widely used DBMS model because it is one of the easiest. This model is based on normalizing data in the rows and columns of the tables. Relational model stores in fixed structures.

Object-Oriented Model

In Object-oriented Model data stored in the form of objects. The structure which is called classes which display data within it. It defines a database as a collection of objects which stores both data members values and operations.

Say if the following statements are true or false:

In a Hierarchical database data is represented using a parent-child relationship.

DBMS consists of a group of programs which manipulate the database.

DBMS doesn’t provide security.

In Network Model entities are organized in a graph which can be accessed through only one path.

DBMS provides an interface between the data and the software application.

The Application programmers write programs in one conventional programming language to interact with other users.

One of Database Management System characteristic is supporting of multiple views of the data.

In Object-oriented Model data stored in the form of objects.

In Hierarchical DBMS parent may have many children, and children may have many parents.

End-Users don’t belong to the DBMS environment.

Match the words to make appropriate word collocations and translate them into Russian:

collection of

end-

to retrieve

database

application

data

security

programming

relational

operating

tree-like

multi-user

administrator

language

environment

objects

structure

data

user

database

program

abstraction

measure

system

Answer the following questions:

What does DBMS supporting of multi-user environment allow?

What does the term “DBMS” include?

How does the object-orienting model define a database?

Where does The DBMS accept the request for data from?

How does the relational model store?

What are four types of DBMS?

What is the function of the network database management?

What does DBMS accept?

Find synonyms for the following words in the text:

to permit

to admit

information

databank

protection

to control

composite

construction

UNIT 14

DATA PROCESSING AND DATA PROCESSING SYSTEMS

The necessary data are processed by a computer to become useful information. In fact this is the definition of data processing. Data are a collection of facts — unorganized but able to be organized into useful information. Processing is a series of actions or operations that convert inputs into outputs. When we speak of data processing, the input is data, and the output is useful information. So, we can define data processing as a series of actions or operations that converts data into useful information.

We use the term data processing system to include the resources that are used to accomplish the processing of data. There are four types of resources: people, materials, facilities, and equipment. People provide input to computers, operate them, and use their output. Materials, such as boxes of paper and printer ribbons, are consumed in great quantity. Facilities are required to house the computer equipment, people and materials.

The need for converting facts into useful information is not a phenomenon of modern life. Throughout history, and even prehistory, people have found it necessary to sort data into forms that were easier to understand. For example, the ancient Egyptians recorded the ebb and flow of the Nile River and used this information to predict yearly crop yields. Today computers convert data about land and water into recommendations to farmers on crop planting. Mechanical aids to computation were developed and improved upon in Europe, Asia, and America throughout the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries. Modern computers are marvels of an electronics technology that continues to produce smaller, cheaper, and more powerful components.

Basic data processing operations

Five basic operations are characteristic of all data processing systems: inputting, storing, processing, outputting, and controlling. They are defined as follows.

Inputting is the process of entering data, which are collected facts, into a data processing system. Storing is saving data or information so that they are available for initial or for additional processing. Processing represents performing arithmetic or logical operations on data in order to convert them into useful information. Outputting is the process of producing useful information, such as a printed report or visual display. Controlling is directing the manner and sequence in which all of the above operations are performed.

Data storage hierarchy

It is known that data, once entered, are organized and stored in successively more comprehensive groupings. Generally, these groupings are called a data storage hierarchy.

The general groupings of any data storage hierarchy are as follows:

Characters, which are all written language symbols: letters, numbers, and special symbols.

Data elements, which are meaningful collections of related characters. Data elements are also called data items or fields.

Records, which are collections of related data elements.

Files, which are collections of related records. A set of related files is called a data base or a data bank.

Vocabulary:

data processing — обработка информации (данных)

to convert — преобразовывать; переводить (в др. единицы)

to accomplish —завершать, заканчивать; осуществлять, выполнять

to house — помещать, размещать

to store — хранить, запоминать, заносить (размещать) в памяти

storage — запоминающее устройство, память; хранение

resource — ресурс; средство; возможность

facility — устройство; средство

facilities — приспособления; возможности

available — доступный; имеющийся (в наличии); возможный

display — дисплей; устройство (визуального) отображения; показ

manner — способ, образ (действий)

sequence — последовательность, порядок (следования)

successively — последовательно

data storage hierarchy — последовательность запоминания информации (данных)

to enter — входить; вводить (данные); заносить, записывать

comprehensive groupings — полные, обширные, универсальные образования

meaningful — имеющий смысл; значащий (о данных)

item — элемент; составная часть

record — запись, регистрация; записывать, регистрировать

file — файл; заносить (хранить) в файл

set — набор; множество; совокупность; серия; группа; система

data base — база данных

related — смежный; взаимосвязанный; относящийся (к ч.-л.)

Answer the following questions:

What is processing?

What is data processing?

What does the term of data processing system mean?

What basic operations does a data processing system include?

What is inputting /storing / outputting information?

What do you understand by resources?

How did ancient Egyptians convert facts into useful information?

When were mechanical aids for computation developed?

What does data storage hierarchy mean?

What are the general groupings of any data storage hierarchy?

Find English equivalents in the text:

системы обработки информации;

определение (термина) обработки данных;

совокупность фактов;

последовательность действий;

преобразование входных данных в полезную информацию;

завершить обработку данных;

обеспечивать ввод информации в компьютер;

размещать компьютерное оборудование;

нуждаться (требовать) в приспособлениях;

превращать информацию в рекомендации;

механические средства вычисления;

хранение данных;

первоначальная обработка данных;

дополнительная обработка;

выдача полезной информации;

зрительное отображение;

последовательность запоминания информации;

записанные символы языка;

база данных;

набор взаимосвязанных файлов.

Match the terms to their definitions:

computer;

computer literacy;

a program;

data;

data processing tools;

data processing;

input;

output;

useful information;

data bank.

the set of instructions that direct the operations of computers;

a part of a computer, entering data into the device;

facts unorganized but able to be organized;

the output of a data processing system;

possessing sufficient knowledge of how computers work and what they can do to use them as problem-solving;

a series of operations that results in the conversion of data system into useful information;

an electronic device performing calculations on numerical data;

an electronic device accepting the data processing results from the computer and displaying them;

a set of related files;

the resources required to accomplish the processing of data. These resources are personnel, material, facilities and equipment.

UNIT 15

ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER DATA PROCESSING

Computer-oriented data processing systems or just computer data processing systems are not designed to imitate manual systems. They should combine the capabilities of both humans and computers. Computer data processing systems can be designed to take advantage of four capabilities of computers.

Accuracy. Once data have been entered correctly into the computer component of a data processing system, the need for further manipulation by humans is eliminated, and the possibility of error is reduced. Computers, when properly programmed, are also unlikely to make computational errors. Of course, computer systems remain vulnerable to the entry by humans of invalid data.

Ease of communications. Data, once entered, can be transmitted wherever needed by communications networks. These may be either earth or satellite-based systems. A travel reservations system is an example of a data communications network. Reservation clerks throughout the world may make an enquiry about transportation or lodgings and receive an almost instant response. Another example is an office communications system that provides executives with access to a reservoir of date, called a corporate data base, from their personal microcomputer work stations.

Capacity of storage. Computers are able to store vast amounts of information, to organize it, and to retrieve it in ways that are far beyond the capabilities of humans. The amount of data that can be stored on devices such as magnetic discs is constantly increasing. Thus the cost per character of data stored is decreasing.

Speed. The speed, at which computer data processing systems can respond, adds to their value. For example, the travel reservations system mentioned above would not be useful if clients had to wait more than a few seconds for a response. The response required might be a fraction of a second.

Thus, an important objective in the design of computer data processing systems is to allow computers to do what they do best and to free humans from routine, error-prone tasks. The most cost-effective computer data processing system is the one that does the job effectively and at the least cost. By using computers in a cost-effective manner, we will be better able to respond to the challenges and opportunities of our post-industrial, information-dependent society.

Vocabulary:

to take advantage of smth — воспользоваться ч.-л.

capability — способность; возможность; характеристика

accuracy — точность; правильность; четкость(изображения)

to eliminate — устранять; удалять; отменять; ликвидировать

error-prone — подверженный ошибкам

to remain vulnerable — оставаться уязвимым, чувствительным

invalid data — неверные, неправильные, недопустимые данные

communications networks — сети передачи данных; сети связи

travel — перемещение; прохождение; путь; ход

instant response — мгновенный ответ (реакция)

to respond — отвечать; реагировать

access — доступ; обращение; обращаться, иметь доступ

capacity of storage — объем (емкость) памяти

to retrieve — извлекать, выбирать (данные); восстанавливать (файл)

value — значение; величина; значимость; ценность; оценка; оценивать

objective — цель; требование; целевая функция

cost-effective — экономичный; экономически оправданный

challenge — трудность; препятствие; представлять трудность

Answer the questions:

What capabilities should data-processing systems combine when designed?

What are the main advantages of computers?

What do you know of computers accuracy?

What is the function of communication networks?

Give examples of a data communication network.

What do you understand by capacity storage?

What other values of computer data processing systems do you know?

What is an important objective in the design of computer data processing systems?

What is the most effective computer data processing system?

What is the best way of responding to the challenges and opportunities of our post-industrial society?

2. Find English equivalents for these words:

система обработки информации компьютером;

оставаться уязвимым;

недопустимые данные;

легкость осуществления связи;

сеть передачи информации;

системы, основанные на использовании спутников;

служащие по резервированию жилья;

получить мгновенный ответ;

наводить справки;

хранилище данных;

корпоративная база данных;

объем памяти;

запоминать огромное количество информации;

извлекать информацию;

добавить значимости;

упомянутый выше;

экономически оправданный.

3. Match the terms to their definitions:

inputting;

character;

database;

data elements;

controlling;

outputting;

memory;

record;

keyboard;

storing;

saving information for further processing;

the process of producing useful information;

meaningful collections of related characters;

the most common input device;

the part of the computer that receives and stores data for processing;

directing the sequence of the operations performed;

a written language symbol;

a collection of related data elements;

a set of related facts;

the process of entering collected into a data processing system

4. Choose the correct answer:

1. Computer data … system gets free humans from routine error-prone tasks.

a) counting; b) computing: c) processing

2. Computers can store vast amount of information to organize it and … it.

a) to travel; b) to retrieve; c) to respond

3. The entered data can be transmitted by … networks.

a) communications; b) conversions; c) procession

4. The possibility of … is reduced if data were correctly put into the data processing system.

a) character; b) access; c) error

5. Computer data processing systems can … at a fraction of a second.

a) receive; b) respond; c) retrieve

6. Computer systems are vulnerable to the entry of … data.

a) invalid; b) invariable; c) invisible

7. As soon as data were entered into the system correctly, the human … is limited.

a) computation; b) information; c) manipulation

8. The amount of data stored on magnetic discs is constantly … .

a) decreasing; b) increasing; c) eliminating

UNIT 16

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

Programming has been with us for over 40 years but it wasn’t born at the time as the first computers. When the first early computers were built, there were no programming languages. First machines were initially programmed by flipping toggle switches and changing cables. Needless to say, this was a slow, awkward process. People began quickly searching for a better, faster way to issue instructions to the computer.

The result was what we call Programming Languages. The programming languages fall into three general categories. They are comprised of ones and zeros, and are directly understood or executed by hardware. Electronic circuitry turns these 0s and 1s into the operations the computer performs.

Assembly Languages are powerful programming tools because they allow programmers a large amount of direct control over the hardware. They offer programmers greater ease in writing instructions but preserve the programmer’s ability to declare exactly what operations the hardware performs. Assembly languages are machine-specific, or machine-dependent. Machine-dependent means the instructions are specific to one type of computer hardware. Assembly languages are still provided by most computer manufacturers – they can’t be translated and used on another computer.

Assembly code for a Prime mini won’t work on a Digital mini. Assembly code can’t even be transferred between some machines built by the same manufacturer. For the most part, assembly languages are used by systems programmers to develop operating systems and their components.

So Assembly languages were the first bridge between the English Language and the computer’s binary language. The creation of high-level programming languages followed. A high-level language is a language in which each instruction or statement correspond to several machine code instructions.

As high-level languages are a method of writing programs using Englishlike words as instructions, they allow users to write in a notation with which they are familiar, e.g., Fortran in mathematical notation.

High-level programming languages combine several machine language instructions into one high-level instruction. Low-level languages required only a single letter or a short mnemonic a term, or a word that is easy to identify, such as ADD for addition. High-level language requires just a single statement.

A Statement is an expression of instruction in a programming language. For example, PRINT FILE, TXT is a statement. A statement translates into one or more instructions at the machine language level. Each programming language includes a set of statement and a syntax. Syntax is the set of rules governing the language’s structure and statements. The syntax rules may include how statements are written, the order in which statements occur, and how sections of programs are organized.

FORTRAN was created in 1954 by John Backus. And it was one of the first high-level languages for FORmular TRANslator. Fortran allows programmers to calculate complex formulas with a few source code instructions. It is used for scientific and mathematical problems. The source program is written using combination of algebraic formulas and English statements of a standard but readable form.

Another high-level machine language is Cobol. Cobol was developed by the Conference on Data Systems Languages. Cobol was issued by the US Government Printing Office in 1960. Cobol stands for Common Business-Oriented Language. The source program is written using statements in English. It was made for business industry, government and education applications. This means that Cobol «has a place for everything» and requires programmers to «put everything in its place». Cobol programs are separated into four divisions:

1. The Identification Division (раздел идентификации) documents the program name, the programmer’s name (s), dates and any other important identification information.

2. The Environment Division names the computer hardware, including the CPU and I/O devices.

3. Data Division identifies all associated files and working storage sections of the program.

4. The Procedure Division contains all the instructions in the Cobol program.

Cobol divisions are further divided into paragraphs and sections. This structure helps programmers write code efficiently and with a minimum of repetition and confusion.

Algol was developed as an international language for the expression of the algorithms between individuals, as well as programming language. It was introduced in the early 1960s. Algol stands for ALGOrithmic Language. This language is used for mathematical and scientific use. An Algol program consists of data items, statements and declarations, organized into a program structure BASIC or the Beginners AU-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code, was developed over a period of years by professors John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz and students in the computer science program at Dartmouth College. It was released in 1965. In most versions, BASIC is an unstructured language. The original Basic was easy to learn allowing computer users to write simple programs within a few minutes.

Basic uses five major categories of statements:

– Arithmetical statements allow users to use Basic like a calculator

– Input/ Output statements, including READ, DATA, INPUT and PRINT

– Control statements including GOTO, IF-THEN, FOR, NEXT and END control the sequence of instructions executed by the computer

– Other statements help document Basic programs and set up data dimensions respectively

– System Commands tell the operating system how to work with Basic programs

RUN means execute a program

LIST directs the computer to display a Basic program.

1. Fill in the gaps necessary words or expressions:

1. First machines were ..... by flipping toggle switches and ..... .

2. The programming languages fall into ..... .

3. They are comprised of ..... and ..... .

4. ..... are powerful programming tools.

5. Machine-dependent means ..... .

6. A high-level language is a language in which ..... .

7. ..... is an expression of instruction in a programming language.

8. ..... allows programmers to calculate complex formulas with a few source code instructions.

9. ..... stands for ALGOrithmic Language.

10. Basic uses ..... .

2. Fill in the prepositions:

1. Programming has been ..... us for over 40 years.

2. People began searching ..... a better, faster way to issue instructions to the computer.

3. They offer programmers greater ease ..... writing instructions.

4. Assembly code ..... a Prime mini won’t work ..... a Digital mini.

5. Assembly languages were the first bridge ..... the English Language and the computer’s binary language.

6. A statement translates ..... one or more instructions ..... the machine language level.

7. System Commands tell the operating system how to work ... Basic programs.

3. Find the synonyms to the following words:

to execute, a tool, to allow, to preserve a notation, to issue, to differ

5. Give appropriate definition of the following terms:

1. Programming languages

2. Assembly Language

3. Cobol

4. Algol

5. Basic

6. Give the situation from the text in which the following words and expressions are used:

1) for over 40 years

2) slow, awkward process

3) three general categories

4) a large amount of direct control

5) machine-dependent

6) to develop operating systems

7) combine several machine language instructions

8) a set of statements

9) a few code instructions

10) write code efficiently

7. Answer the questions:

1. How were the first computers programmed?

2. What is an example of assembly language?

3. What does the term machine-dependent mean?

4. What is an assembly language primary used for?

5. What is a high-level language?

6. What does it combine?

7. What is a statement/syntax?

8. When was FORTRAN created? What is Fortran?

9. When was Cobol created? What is Cobol?

10. How many sections are Cobol separated into?

UNIT 17

INTERNET

The Internet is a huge network of computers spanning this planet and is now started to bring in the surrounding area like space. Some computers like servers share data, others just surf the web as clients downloading the data. Public Internet began in the late 70's. In the 70’s web users used an interface called telnet, but now that program is mainly obsolete. Telnet is most widely deployed in accessing college email accounts.

The Internet is very helpful, because it's a huge database of knowledge, from the pictures of family trips to an analysis of quantum mechanics. Everyone should have the Internet because of its near instantaneous communication and huge wealth of knowledge. But how to go on the Internet and do a search for information we need. There are two ways to do it.

The first is when you know an internet address of data you need and the second one is when you try to find information you need by using a search program. In the beginning we have got to enter any browser you like. It could be an Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator or Opera, etc. If we have a broadband connection, we connect to the Internet at once. If not, we have to set up and connect to our dial-up service. Finally, if we want to find some information in the Internet, we are to type an address of this data in the browser we use or simply use the existing search-programs such as the google search program, rambler search program, yandex search program or yahoo search program.

They are very simple and popular networks of sites. In these programs we can just type the word or name of thing, we would like to find and then press enter. A search program solves this problem. We get our results in the same window. After we get our results, we simply choose whatever site best matches our query or keep searching.

Besides data, one can get from the Internet, we can also send and receive e-mail or electronic mail. This internet service is cheaper than ordinary mail and much quicker. It is becoming popular day by day. We can get some news from the Internet, because there are many informational servers in the web.

1. Find English equivalents in the text:

огромная сеть компьютеров,

обмениваются данными,

заняться поиском нужной нам информации,

использовать существующие поисковые программы,

популярные сети сайтов,

соответствует нашему запросу,

мы также можем отправлять и получать электронную почту.

2. Fill in the gaps with the following words:

explorer, e-mail, network, cheaper, knowledge.

1. The Internet is a huge … of computers spanning this planet.

2. In the beginning we have got to enter any browser you like. It could be an Internet … , Netscape Navigator or Opera, etc.

3. The Internet is very helpful, because it's a huge database of … , from the pictures of family trips to an analysis of quantum mechanics.

4. Besides data, one can get from the Internet, we can also send and receive … or electronic mail.

5. This internet service is … than ordinary mail and much quicker.

3. Write a short summary of the text (15-20 sentences).

Write a short opinion on the problem of how the internet influences modern life.

UNIT 18

INFORMATION SECURITY

For centuries people have been collecting and storing different types of information for various reasons. Today, thanks to the new information technologies the process of collecting and providing information throughout the world is as easy as never before. Though technologies made this process digital, convenient, and dynamic, still information security should be the main concern for those who own and control any type of information, especially when it concerns public, business and government sectors.

Why Information needs security?

We all make use at least of one modern technology in our everyday, business, and public life – computers, laptops, mobile devices, interactive terminals etc. Many people register their personal information to Internet, some for employment, and others for business and social communication purposes. And while we, the users are running through this, we want to be assured that our information would be used and secured in a proper way since we never lose the sense of private life and security.

Information Security is the protection of the confidentiality, integrity and availability of information and information systems from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, perusal, inspection, recording or destruction. It is based on the principles of the consumers’ interests and human rights. In many countries it is a legal requirement. Protecting information is critical for business and governmental institutions which deal with huge volumes of confidential information about their employees, customers, products, research, and financial status. Most of this information is now collected, processed and stored on electronic computers and transmitted across networks. So now, we can imagine what could happen if this kind of information would be available to everyone – it will cause an incredible damage like lost business, law suits or even bankruptcy of the business.

Of course, securing information is about securing the system or network that the information is stored in. But apart from all this there should be a concise understanding of information security core aspects in order to plan, implement and maintain an effective security policy. That policy should be compliant with local laws and industry standards.

Information Classification.

Information value needs to be assessed to have appropriate security requirements for different types of information. Not all information is equal and so not all information requires the same level of protection. This requires information to be classified due to its value. So a thorough risk management should be realized. Obviously, the more sensitive or valuable the information the stronger the security control needs to be.

Access Control.

The protected information should be available only to those people who are authorized to access that information and to control its development. That is why all the computers, software and networks which process the information, should be set up with access control and provide authorization. mechanisms.

Cryptography.

Cryptography is a main asset in information security. It is the process of converting the secured data into unusable form while the information is in transmission or just is in storage. This is done for preventing unauthorized users from reading and interpreting the sensitive data they could accidentally get or access. Unusable information could be transformed back to the usable one by an authorized user, who has the cryptographic key. This converse process is decryption.

Defense-In-Depth.

Information security assumes not only the protection of stored data but also its protection on the stages of creation, development and disposal. In other words, it is “responsible” for the whole life-time of the information. During its life-time information may “travel” through different processes and systems and even change its format and value. Defense-in-depth allows controlling information life-time and adequately reacts on information transformations and external threats. It is a comprehensive and detailed approach to information security. It is a multi-layered defense system where each component of the information has its own protection mechanisms.

Backups and Disaster Recovery.

These days nobody and nothing is insured from unexpected and unprecedented cases. So does the information. To provide the business continuity and information completeness companies and other institutions of high significance employ disaster recovery planning (DRP) and back-ups policy.

Information back up is the periodical reservation of data copy on extra systems to have at least one reserved copy in case of data loss or destruction.

DRP is focused on taking the necessary steps to resume normal business operations as quickly as possible. It is executed immediately after the disaster occurs and details what steps are to be taken in order to recover critical information.

Hardware and Software.

An effective information security system incorporates a set of policies, security products, hardware and software technologies and procedures. The correct and targeted deployment of all those components should make up an effective information security.

Answer the following questions:

Why has the process of collecting and providing information throughout the world become easy?

Why do people register their personal information?

What is the purpose of information security?

What principles is information security based?

Why is protecting information sometimes critical for business?

What could happen if personal information would be available to everyone?

What should security policy be compliant with?

Translate the following sentences into Russian:

Though technologies made this process digital, convenient, and dynamic, still information security should be the main concern for those who own and control any type of information, especially when it concerns public, business and government sectors.

Protecting information is critical for business and governmental institutions which deal with huge volumes of confidential information about their employees, customers, products, research, and financial status.

Of course, securing information is about securing the system or network that the information is stored in.

And while we, the users are running through this, we want to be assured that our information would be used and secured in a proper way since we never lose the sense of private life and security.

Answer the questions:

What does information security system incorporate?

What is information back-up?

What is DRP focused on?

Why should computers be set up with access control?

What does information security assume?

What is cryptography?

What is decryption?

What does defense-in-depth allow?

Why should the information be classified?

Say if the following statements are True or False. It the statement is false transform it according to the text:

The simplest the information the stronger the security control needs to be.

Only security products and hardware technologies make up an effective information security.

The protected information should be available only to people with an authorized access.

Disaster recovery planning is focused on taking the necessary steps to resume normal business operations as quickly as possible.

These days everyone is insured from unexpected cases.

Information may travel through different processes and systems but can’t change its format and value.

Information is not equal but it requires the same level of protection.

Unusable information can be transformed back to the usable one.

Cryptography is an important part of information security.

Match the following terms to its definitions:

information back-up;

cryptography;

decryption;

DRP;

defense-in-depth;

access control;

unusable information;

usable information.

information available only to an authorized person;

transformation of unusable information into usable;

the periodical reservation of data copy on extra systems;

information available to everyone;

is the process of converting the secured data into unusable form;

the necessary steps to resume normal business operations as quickly as possible;

allows controlling information life-time and adequately reacts on information transformations;

a way of limiting access to a system or to information.

Опубликовано 22.07.22 в 19:16

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