Главные комплектующие компьютера и из функции"

«The main components of the computer and their functions».

Computer this is a universal electronic software-controlled device designed for automatic processing, storage and transmission of information.

INFORMATION INPUT/OUTPUT DEVICES HARD DRIVE random access memory processor

System unit A computer element that is designed to hide the internal elements of a computer system from the environment. That is, the main purpose of the system unit is to protect internal microcircuits from environmental factors such as dust and temperature.

Processor (CPU) The main working component of a computer that: -performs arithmetic and logical operations; -manages the computing process; -coordinates the operation of all computer devices.

The main characteristics of the PROCESSOR 1. Processor brand. There are only two processor manufacturers. Intel and AMD. 2. Clock frequency – the speed of the processor. The number of billions of computing operations per second. Measured in gigahertz. The first most important characteristic of a PC. 3. The number of cores. The more cores a processor has, the more operations it can perform simultaneously without loss of performance. Today, as a rule, 2-8 core CPUs are installed on personal workstations 4. Cache memory is a high—speed memory that stores information from RAM for faster access to it. The larger the cache, the faster the processor runs.

System board The main hardware component of the computer is the system (motherboard). The information exchange backbone is implemented on the motherboard, there are connectors for installing the processor and RAM, as well as slots for installing external device controllers.

Memory is a functional part of a computer designed for recording, storing and issuing information RAM (random access memory) Random access memory ROM (permanent storage device) RON (General purpose registers) SMOS (system installation memory) Video memory – electronic memory placed on a video card is used to store dynamic image frames Types of internal memory

RAM (RAM, English RAM – Random Access Memory – random access memory) — this is an energy-dependent (when the power is turned off, it COMPLETELY loses data) fast large-volume storage device directly connected to the processor and designed for writing, reading and storing programs CURRENTLY RUNNING and data processed by these programs. RAM is used only for temporary storage of data and programs, since when the computer turns off, all the information that was in RAM is deleted. All programs currently running, including the operating system (Windows), are loaded into RAM. The computer processor can only work with the data that is stored in the cells of its RAM. The amount of RAM is the second most important characteristic of a PC.

Memory Device Memory consists of many cells. Each cell can currently store only one of two values: zero or one. A memory cell that stores a single binary character is called a "bit". A bit is the smallest particle of computer memory. One bit of memory stores one bit of information. Memory is an ordered sequence of binary bits (bits). This sequence is divided into groups of 8 digits. Each such group forms a byte of memory. Therefore, "bit" and "byte" denote not only the names of the units of measurement of the amount of information, but also the structural units of computer memory.

ROM Permanent Memory A permanent storage device (ROM) is a non—volatile memory used to store IMMUTABLE DATA. The English term ROM (Read-Only Memory) is often used. Permanent memory is filled ONCE at the factory. Programs for checking computer hardware, initiating OS booting and performing basic functions for PC device maintenance are stored in permanent memory. Often the contents of the permanent memory are called BIOS (Basic Input Output System) – the basic input/output system Never changes his data again. One of the types of firmware recorded in ROM is the BIOS.

CMOS-memory (Complementary-symmetry/metal-oxide semiconductor) CMOS memory is a ROM (with the possibility of modification), which contains some customized information on the configuration of THIS PC and some additional equipment. It has a low power consumption. Powered by an accumulator battery. "Input" to the CMOS memory editing, as a rule, by pressing the DELETE (DEL) key (on the keyboard) immediately after turning on the PC during the operation of the POST program (loading the Setup program). CMOS memory content (main): system clock, information on the results of POST-program diagnostics, information on the presence and type of FDD, information on the presence and type of HDD, RAM size, availability of additional equipment.

Hard DRIVE(винчестер, HDD) EVERYTHING you save on your computer is saved on your HARD DRIVE A hard disk is NOT a memory – it is a separate device, a storage device. It is not energy-dependent, which explains the possibility of storing data without supplying electricity to the device. The volume of the hard disk is the third most important characteristic of a PC.  – a rewritable permanent storage device is the main storage medium in a computer. It stores data: both the operating system and user files (programs, games, movies, music, images...).

HARD DRIVE(винчестер, HDD) A hard drive is a set of one or more sealed plates in the form of disks covered with a layer of ferromagnetic material and reading heads in one case. The plates are driven by a spindle (rotating shaft). The solenoid drive positions the head for data read/write operations. The reading heads do not touch the surface of the disk both during reading/writing data (due to the layer of the incoming air flow of 5-10 nm, which is formed during very fast rotation), and during disk downtime (the heads are diverted to the spindle or beyond the plates). Due to the lack of contact, the hard disk can be overwritten on average 100 thousand times. Also, the duration of the disk is affected by the hermetic enclosure (hermetic zone), thanks to which a space is created inside the HDD enclosure, cleared of dust and moisture.

Video card – this is a device that displays all actions and processes performed on a computer. With the help of a video card, the data transmitted by the computer is converted into a video signal and transmitted to the monitor. All other characteristics of the graphics card depend on the model of the GPU. NVIDIA calls its graphics processors as follows: GeForce GTX 123. Where 123 is a numeric designation that indicates the position of this graphics chip in the NVIDIA line of video cards. The first digit (1) indicates the generation of the graphics card. At the moment, the latest generation of video cards is GeForce GTX 7xx. The second (2) and third (3) digits indicate the position of this graphics chip in the current generation line of video cards. The larger the digits 2 and 3, the higher the level of this video card. Thus, the GeForce GTX 780 graphics card is more productive than the GeForce GTX 770, and the GeForce GTX 770 is more powerful than the GeForce GTX 760. AMD uses a very similar naming scheme for its graphics chips. AMD chips are designated as follows: Radeon HD1234. Where the digit 1 indicates the generation of the graphics chip, and the digits 2, 3 and 4 indicate the position of the chip inside the current poko

Characteristics of the video card The clock frequency of the GPU The clock frequency of the GPU is one of the most important characteristics of the graphics card. As a rule, the clock frequency of the graphics processor of the video card is specified in megahertz (MHz), or gigahertz (GHz). The higher the clock frequency, the faster the processor processes information, and this directly affects the performance of the video card. The amount of video memory The amount of video memory is a characteristic that many non–experienced users pay too much attention to. This is due to not too honest advertising, which focuses primarily on the simple and understandable idea that the more memory, the faster the device works. Connectors for connecting to the monitor An important parameter is the connectors on the back of the video card, designed to connect to the monitor. In most cases, a DVI connector is used to connect to the monitor. This type of connection is supported by most video cards and monitors. But, if you plan to connect a TV to your computer using an HDMI port or a projector using a VGA port, then you need to make sure that the selected video card is equipped with the port you need.

Information input devices Input devices are devices that translate information from human language into machine language.

KEYBOARD A device for entering numeric and textual information. The standard keyboard contains 104 keys: 1) a set of alphanumeric keys; 2) additionally control and function keys; 3) cursor control keys; 4) a small numeric keypad.

Mouse A special manipulator, which is one of the devices for entering information into a PC. Designed for entering graphical information and for working with the graphical interface.

Scanner A scanner is used for optical input into a computer and conversion into a computer form of images (photographs, drawings, slides), as well as text documents.

Information output devices These are devices that translate information from machine language into forms accessible to human perception.

Screen A device for displaying graphical and textual information in a form accessible to the user. Monitors are a visual communication channel with all application programs and have become a vital component in determining the overall quality and usability of the entire computer system.

Printer A device for displaying text or graphic information on various hard media. It is a complex electromechanical device that provides image formation, carrier promotion, dye supply and its fixation on the carrier.

Speakers and headphones Devices for the output of audio information.