Виртуальная экскурсия по английскому языку на тему: «Взгляд на русскую Америку: Форт Росс и Ситка (Аляска)» (“A Glimpse of Russian America: Fort Ross and Sitka (Alaska)”)

МБОУ Спасская гимназия Виртуальная экскурсия по английскому языку на тему: «Взгляд на русскую Америку: Форт Росс и Ситка (Аляска)» (“A Glimpse of Russian America: Fort Ross and Sitka (Alaska)”) Выполнила: ученица 11 класса Митякина Анастасия Научный руководитель: учитель английского языка Булаева М. А. г. Спасск, 2018 год

Russian America From history… Language of the people Customs, traditions, the way of life Architecture National creativity

As Alaska became Alaska Absolutely separately located, the largest on the territory (and today, the smallest on the population, for) the American state Alaska arose in North America in the XVII century owing to the Russian colonization. Having crossed the passage between Asia and America the Russian Cossacks, and in the XVIII century official messengers of the authorities of the Russian Empire, in search of furs gradually subordinated to themselves the considerable territory – the northwest corner of the North American continent, which has received the name "Russian America".

From history of the settlement of Sitka The first Russian settlements on Alaska were founded by the Siberian merchant Grigory Shelikhov. For the first two years of his activity, 12 thousand Aleuts were turned into orthodox belief. After Shelikhov's death (1795), his associate Alexander Baranov continued this business. Grigory Shelikhov Alexander Baranov

Alexander Baranov founded the Russian settlement of Novoarkhangelsk (since 1867 – the city of Sitka) on lands of Indian – Tlingit. It became the main center of the Russian possession in America. Alexander Baranov founded the Russian settlement of Novoarkhangelsk (since 1867 – the city of Sitka) on lands of Indian – Tlingit. It became the main center of the Russian possession in America.

There was no more than 500 Russians in all «the Russian America» by 1860, almost everything – men were. In Novoarkhangelsk (Sitka) which turned into the major cultural center with churches, a museum and schools for "natives", lived only 2500 people. More than two thirds of his inhabitants were the Aleuts and the Creoles who were considered as citizens of the Russian Empire. There was no more than 500 Russians in all «the Russian America» by 1860, almost everything – men were. In Novoarkhangelsk (Sitka) which turned into the major cultural center with churches, a museum and schools for "natives", lived only 2500 people. More than two thirds of his inhabitants were the Aleuts and the Creoles who were considered as citizens of the Russian Empire.

On October 18, 1867 "the Russian America" turned into the American Alaska. Few Russian inhabitants left it; no more than ten Russians remained in Sitka some months later. The Russian cultural heritage remained in hands of orthodox indigenous people of its southern part, and it adequately keeps this heritage up now. On October 18, 1867 "the Russian America" turned into the American Alaska. Few Russian inhabitants left it; no more than ten Russians remained in Sitka some months later. The Russian cultural heritage remained in hands of orthodox indigenous people of its southern part, and it adequately keeps this heritage up now.

From the history of the settlement Fort Ross this idea some years, but could not carry out it. When Baranov decided on this enterprise after all, his choice fell on I.Kuskov. I.Kuskov chose a place a little to the north of the mouth of the river of the Slav, after renamed into the Russian small river. This place Kuskov chose even in former expeditions to California. The place seemed ideal also because the small river providing with drinking water proceeded nearby. One more settlement, which deserves close attention, is a Fort Ross in California. The idea to occupy lands in California also belonged to Grigory Shelikhov. Alexander Baranov cherished

Unfortunately, the fort as agricultural base of the Russian possession on Alaska did not justify hopes. Deliveries grain became every year less and less. Production of a sea animal, mainly cats was other occupation of inhabitants of the Fort Ross. However, unlimited hunting led to that, this animal almost disappeared. Unfortunately, the fort as agricultural base of the Russian possession on Alaska did not justify hopes. Deliveries grain became every year less and less. Production of a sea animal, mainly cats was other occupation of inhabitants of the Fort Ross. However, unlimited hunting led to that, this animal almost disappeared.

Existence of Fort Ross became unprofitable business. The board of the company did not think of imperial interests of the Russian State. The fort simply became burden. It was decided to refuse it and if it is possible, to sell to Spaniards and if is not present, to leave a familiar spot, and to the population to return to Sitka. But in the settlement Ross that has existed of nearly 30 years, there were people who were born, grew, married and brought own children there. The Fort Ross was the house, the homeland for them. On December 31, 1841, on the eve of New year, the Russian population forever left the Fort Ross and left on a brigantine "Konstantin" in the Russian possession on the island Sitka. Existence of Fort Ross became unprofitable business. The board of the company did not think of imperial interests of the Russian State. The fort simply became burden. It was decided to refuse it and if it is possible, to sell to Spaniards and if is not present, to leave a familiar spot, and to the population to return to Sitka. But in the settlement Ross that has existed of nearly 30 years, there were people who were born, grew, married and brought own children there. The Fort Ross was the house, the homeland for them. On December 31, 1841, on the eve of New year, the Russian population forever left the Fort Ross and left on a brigantine "Konstantin" in the Russian possession on the island Sitka.

Russian influence on culture of Alaska Presence of Russians on Alaska left a noticeable trace in culture of indigenous people. In Indian languages remained loans from Russian, and nowadays the overwhelming part of Alaskan Indeans remains parishioners of Orthodox Church. Many Russian colonists had wives who were Indean. Children from mixed marriages (Creoles) quite often held administrative and church positions in colonies. Many of them, however, as well as some Indian families which have accepted Orthodoxy, moved on the territory of Russia after transfer of Alaska to the United States.

Three periods of the Russian influence on language of the people of Alaska Natives of Alaska experienced on themselves influence of Russia in time and space differently. The first period (1741 – 1785) affected only Aleuts. They were the first natives of Alaska who met Russians, and experienced the strongest influence of the Russian language and culture during the whole period of Russia on Alaska. As direct result of this intensive and long contact, hundreds words borrowed from Russian, were included into the Aleutian language. Aleuts Eskimo-Aleutian languages and their distribution

Three periods of the Russian influence on language of the people of Alaska The second period (1785 – 1824) began with gradual settlement of the Russian-American company at Grigory Shelikhov on the island of Kadiak at the strengthened state control. During this period, in addition to the Aleuts, the Pacific Gulf Yup’ik people were affected. To a much lesser extent, this period also affected the Central Yup’iks and Dena’ina Athabaskans.

Three periods of the Russian influence on language of the people of Alaska The third period (1824 to 1865) began with the arrival of Ivan Veniaminov, a very humane missionary, in the Aleutians. The Russian Orthodox Church and its educational system brought a type of culture change to many Alaska people. Veniaminov, working with the Chief Ivan Pan’kov, had adopted the Slavonic alphabet to Aleut and had translated a catechism. It was the first book printed in any Alaska Native language. Few religious works were translated into other Alaska Native languages (Alutiiq, Tlingit, Central Yup’ik).

Russian loanwords for food The words for food, which were borrowed from the Russian language, have become one of the biggest groups of words, which got into various languages of the people of Alaska (the Aleutian language – 58, Yup’ik – 36, Dena’ina – 43). This group of words includes the following areas: bread and other flour or cereal products (bread, pancake, Easter bread), meat and poultry (cutlet, bacon, chicken), vegetables and fruits (apple, orange, cabbage, potatoes), dairy products (milk, butter), sweets (molasses, sugar), spices (salt,   pepper), beverages (tea, coffee, beer, wine), sea products (balyk - smoked fish strips).

English Russian Aleut Yup’ik Dena’ina Suspenders Подтяжки podtyazhki puchaaskax pataaskaak, mataaskaak, macaaskaak bidyashgi Vest Жилет, zhilet Жилетка zhiletka ziilitaxx silin yulitga (U), zhilitga (O), zhilitgi (I) Silk Шёлк shyolk suulkuxx suukuyaq, suukuuq shulg (OU), shulgu (L) Button Пуговица, пуговицы (pl) pugavitsa pugavitsy puuvichaxx puukicaaq, kuukicaaq bugitsi (O), bufutsi (IO), vigutsi, vigusi (I), biytsi, buytsi (U) Tea kettle, teapot Чайник chainik chaanikax㼨 cainik, ca iniik, caanik, caaniik, saanik, saaniik, sainik, sainik chainik Hammer Молоток, molotok mulutuukaxx mulut’uuk, mulut’uutaq, mulut’uutaq, multuuk muluduk, vuluduk, miluduk (I), biliduk, biluduk (U), maleduk (O)

Religious loanwords The group of religious loanwords is one of the biggest. Those words are witnesses of the Orthodoxy penetration into Alaska indigenous people’s traditions. It is interesting to notice how this new tradition was incorporated into Native languages. Some of the loanwords kept the original meaning, yet others, in process of linguistic mutation, partially lost their original meaning and acquired additional connotations.

The Russian banya on Alaska One tradition was known both by Russians and by Alaska Natives: the tradition of the steam bath or Russian banya. All Alaska Natives practiced steam bath before Russians.

Fairs and festivals on Alaska The cultural tradition of carrying out fairs and festivals of dances and crafts totals not one millennium. After successful production of any of life-supporting resources always there comes holiday time. On Alaska, such cultural concourses give the chance to aboriginals to acquaint with the traditions and customs youth and guests from other settlements and regions.

The way of life Many natives of Alaska as part of their culture perceive the Orthodox Church. Besides, aboriginals within many decades continue to celebrate the Russian cultural heritage. For example, they celebrate orthodox Christmas on an old calendar, cook the Russian food, and annually hold a festival of the Russian culture. St. Nikolay's Russian orthodox chapel in Kenay, Alaska

The typical house on Alaska No, this photo is not from Russia, it is the usual Alaskan house. But how they are similar! These sunflowers under the roof and flowers at a low porch … Not Alaska, and Moscow area or Small Russia blew softly!

A typical construction on Alaska The Airport

A typical house Sacred Voskresenskaya Russian Orthodox Church, island of Kadiak, State of Alaska

New Archangel Dancers support performing arts in the community of Sitka, and promote and encourage tourism. In addition to frequent summer shows, a performance is scheduled annually around Alaska Day to support this important celebration and to showcase our repertoire. The Dancers have performed in Japan, Canada, Mexico and Russia, and are considered by many to be Ambassadors for Sitka and Alaska. The New Archangel Dancers mission is to promote and encourage interest in Alaska's Russian History and culture through sharing of ethnic folk dance and song. The Dancers

New Archangel Dancers

Russian American Colony Singers The Russian American Colony Singers (RACS) is a non-profit organization of singers headquartered in south central Alaska, primarily Anchorage, that rehearses and performs choral literature with a unique emphasis on Russian music in various idioms, folk, classical, and religious. Half or more of the singers are of Russian background with training in various aspects of vocal music.

This repertoire is unique in American choral life, since many conductors do not have the skill and interest to take on music performed in Russian or other languages in the Russian language family. It is estimated there are now 2000 residents in the Anchorage area alone which are of Russian background, many of whom are uniquely qualified to present Russian music in the tradition and style in which it was conceived and performed.

Alaska … Russian America … These words sound for us already as the fairy tale, and after all there was it quite recently, and it is recent history of Russia, history of a feat of her people, pioneers, hunters, builders, organizers. And I consider that we, the Russian people, have to store sacredly this history and transfer it to the descendants. Alaska … Russian America … These words sound for us already as the fairy tale, and after all there was it quite recently, and it is recent history of Russia, history of a feat of her people, pioneers, hunters, builders, organizers. And I consider that we, the Russian people, have to store sacredly this history and transfer it to the descendants.

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