История развития компьютерной технологии

History of computer technology development Подготовил студент 408 группы Морозенко Никита

Computing in the pre-electronic era Computing in the pre-electronic era First generation computes Second generation computer Third generation computers Personal computers Modern supercomputers History of computer technology development

Computing in the pre-electronic era The need for counting objects in humans arose in prehistoric times. The oldest method of counting objects consisted in comparing objects of a certain group (for example, animals) with objects of another group, which plays the role of a counting standard. For most peoples, the first such standard was fingers (counting on fingers).

Computing in the pre-electronic era The expanding needs for counting have forced people to use other counting standards – notches on a stick, knots on a rope, etc.).

Computing in the pre-electronic era In the ancient world, when counting large quantities of objects, a new sign, for example, a notch on another stick, began to be used to indicate a certain number of them (for most peoples — ten). The first computing device in which this method was used was the abacus.

Computing in the pre-electronic era The ancient Greek abacus was a plank sprinkled with sea sand. Grooves were made in the sand, on which numbers were marked with pebbles. One groove corresponded to units, the other to tens, etc. If more than 10 pebbles were collected in some groove during the count, they were removed and one pebble was added to the next category. The Romans improved the abacus, moving from sand and pebbles to marble boards with chiseled grooves and marble balls

Computing in the pre-electronic era With the increasing complexity of economic activity and social relations (monetary calculations, tasks of measuring distances, time, areas, etc.), there was a need for arithmetic calculations. To perform the simplest arithmetic operations (addition and subtraction), the abacus began to be used, and after centuries — abacus. In Russia , the abacus appeared in the XVI century

Computing in the pre-electronic era The development of science and technology required more and more complex mathematical calculations, and in the XIX century mechanical calculating machines — arithmometers were invented. Adding machines could not only add, subtract, multiply and divide numbers, but also memorize intermediate results, print calculation results, etc.

Computing in the pre-electronic era In the middle of the XIX century, the English mathematician Charles Babbage put forward the idea of creating a software-controlled calculating machine with an arithmetic device, a control device, as well as input and printing devices. Чарльз Бэббидж. Charles Babbage. (26.12.1791 - 18.10.1871)

Computing in the pre-electronic era Babbage's analytical engine (the prototype of modern computers) was built by enthusiasts from the London Science Museum according to the surviving descriptions and drawings. The analytical machine consists of four thousand steel parts and weighs three tons..

Calculations were performed by an Analytical machine in accordance with the instructions (programs) developed by Lady Ada Lovelace (daughter of the English poet George Byron). Countess Lovelace is considered the first programmer, and the ADA programming language is named after her. Calculations were performed by an Analytical machine in accordance with the instructions (programs) developed by Lady Ada Lovelace (daughter of the English poet George Byron). Countess Lovelace is considered the first programmer, and the ADA programming language is named after her. Computing in the pre-electronic era

Programs were recorded on punched cards by punching holes in a certain order in dense paper cards. Then the punched cards were placed in an Analytical machine, which read the location of the holes and performed computational operations in accordance with a given program. Programs were recorded on punched cards by punching holes in a certain order in dense paper cards. Then the punched cards were placed in an Analytical machine, which read the location of the holes and performed computational operations in accordance with a given program. Computing in the pre-electronic era

In the 40s of the XX century, work began on the creation of the first electronic computers, in which electronic lamps replaced mechanical parts. First-generation computers required large halls for their placement, since tens of thousands of electronic lamps were used in them. Such computers were created in single copies, were very expensive and installed in the largest research centers. In the 40s of the XX century, work began on the creation of the first electronic computers, in which electronic lamps replaced mechanical parts. First-generation computers required large halls for their placement, since tens of thousands of electronic lamps were used in them. Such computers were created in single copies, were very expensive and installed in the largest research centers. Develompent of first-generation Electronic computer technology

First generation computes In 1945, ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer - electronic numerical integrator and calculator) was built in the USA, and in 1950, MESM (Small Electronic Calculating Machine) was created in the USSR

First generation computes First-generation computers could perform calculations at a speed of several thousand operations per second, the sequence of which was set by programs. The programs were written in a machine language, the alphabet of which consisted of two characters: 1 and 0. The programs were entered into the computer using punched cards or punched tapes, and the presence of a hole on the punched card corresponded to the sign 1, and its absence to the sign 0. The results of calculations were output using printing devices in the form of long sequences of zeros

Second generation computer In the 60s of the XX century, second—generation computers were created based on a new element base - transistors, which are tens and hundreds of times smaller in size and weight, higher reliability and consumes significantly less electrical power than electronic lamps. Such computers were produced in small batches and installed in large research centers and leading higher educational institutions.

Second generation computer In the USSR, in 1967, the most powerful second-generation computer in Europe, BESM-6 (a Large Electronic Calculating Machine), which could perform 1 million operations per second, came into operation.

Second generation computer The BESM-6 used 260 thousand transistors, external memory devices on magnetic tapes for storing programs and data, as well as alphanumeric printing devices for displaying the results of calculations. The work of programmers in software development has been significantly simplified, since it has been carried out using high-level programming languages (Algol, Basic, etc.).

Third generation computers Since the 70s of the last century, integrated circuits have been used as the element base of third-generation computers. Thousands of transistors can be tightly packed in an integrated circuit (a small semiconductor wafer), each of which has dimensions comparable to the thickness of a human hair.

Third generation computers Computers based on integrated circuits have become much more compact, high-speed and cheap. Such minicomputers were produced in large series and were available to most scientific institutes and higher educational institutions.

Personal computers The development of high technologies has led to the creation of large integrated circuits — BIS, including tens of thousands of transistors. This made it possible to launch the production of compact personal computers available to the mass user.

Personal computers The first personal computer was the Apple II (the "grandfather" of modern Macintosh computers), created in 1977. In 1982, IBM started manufacturing IBM PC personal computers (the "grandfathers" of modern IBM-compatible computers).

Personal computers Modern personal computers are compact and have thousands of times faster performance compared to the first personal computers (they can perform several billion operations per second). Every year, almost 200 million computers are produced in the world, which are affordable for the mass consumer. Personal computers can be of various design designs: desktop, portable (laptops) and pocket (handhelds).

Modern supercomputers These are multiprocessor complexes that allow you to achieve very high performance and can be used for real-time calculations in meteorology, military, science, etc.