Daniel Defoe's Life and Creative Work («Жизненный и творческий путь Даниэля Дефо»)

МБОУ Спасская гимназия г. Спасск-Рязанский Рязанской области Автор: ученица 11 класса МБОУ Спасской гимназии Джафарова Эльмира Руководитель: учитель английского языка МБОУ Спасской гимназии Булаева Марина Александровна 2019 Daniel Defoe's Life and Creative Work

Данная экскурсия предлагает 1 маршрут (слайд 4). Переход от слайда к слайду внутри каждого пути осуществляется по щелчку. Переход к каждой остановке осуществляется по гиперссылкам («паруса» на слайде 4). В конце каждого «пути» возвращение к исходному слайду с маршрутом происходит по гиперссылке «маяк». На слайде 3 содержатся гиперссылки на сайты (линия времени и видео) с управляющими кнопками и . На слайде 13 содержится гиперссылка на видео с управляющей кнопкой . На слайде 14 содержится гиперссылка на видео с управляющей кнопкой . На слайде 4 с маршрутом есть стрелка , позволяющая двигаться к окончанию экскурсии (Сonclusion) и к информационным ресурсам . Exit

(1660 - 24.04.1731) This year marks the 355th anniversary of Daniel Defoe's birth. Therefore, the creative work is devoted to Daniel Defoe, the prominent English writer, essayist, pamphleteer, trader, spy and the pioneer of economic journalism.

Early life Education, marriage and early career Journalist and secret agent His nonfiction - essays, poems Late writing and novels Other major fiction Last works and death Exit

Early life Daniel Defoe's early life was not easy. Daniel Foe, or Defoe, as he afterwards called himself, was born in or about 1660, in the parish of St. Giles, Cripplegate, London. Daniel Defoe added the De to his original last name Foe when he was forty. He changed his name when he became a writer in 1695, although it was by no means his only pseudonym. Others included "Eye Witness", "Andrew Morton, Merchant", and amusingly, "Heliostropolis, secretary to the emperor of the Moon". When he was ten, his mother died. James Foe, his father, was a butcher by trade and also a Protestant Presbyterian. Defoe was educated at the Rev. James Fisher's boarding school in Pixham Lane in Dorking, Surrey.

When he was ten, his mother died. James Foe, his father, was a butcher by trade and also a Protestant Presbyterian. Defoe was educated at the Rev. James Fisher's boarding school in Pixham Lane in Dorking, Surrey. Defoe’s former house

Education, marriage and early career Because his father was a Dissenter, in the 1670s he attended the Reverend Charles Morton's famous academy near London, where he studied science and the humanities. He had early thoughts of becoming a Presbyterian minister. So, from 1685 to 1692 he engaged in trade in London as a wholesale hosiery agent, an importer of wine and tobacco.

In 1684 Defoe married Mary Tuffley, the daughter of a London merchant. They had eight children, six of whom survived. Defoe participated briefly in the Monmouth Rebellion of 1685, a Protestant uprising, but escaped capture and punishment.

Journalist and secret agent His literary career began with pamphlets and satirical poems. Defoe's ironic pamphlet "The Shortest Way with Dissenters" (1702) demanded the total suppression of dissent and got him imprisoned. However, his unfortunate circumstance turned out to be a triumph for the writer. While he stood in the pillory for three days, the crowd bought copies of and then chanted his "Hymn to the Pillory". His imprisonment could be very long if he wasn’t rescued by Robert Harley, who was the speaker of the House of Lords. Since then, the writer became a secret agent who collected all the necessary information in England and Scotland for Harley. Defoe continued to serve the government as journalist, pamphleteer, and secret agent until the end of his life. Defoe wrote numerous pamphlets for Harley. And in 1704, he became an editor of articles for the periodical “Review” (1704–1713). It was especially influential in promoting the union between England and Scotland in 1706 and 1707.

Defoe wrote this paper three times weekly and almost entirely on his own, providing not only political discussion but articles on fashion, religion, society and the arts. He was imprisoned again, briefly, for anti-Jacobite pamphlets in the early 1710s.

His nonfiction—essays, poems Defoe published hundreds of political and social documents between 1704 and 1719. His interests and activities reflected the major social, political, economic, and literary trends of his age. He supported the policies of William III and Mary after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and 1689 and analyzed England's growth in the Western world.

His first remarkable publication “An Essay upon Projects” proposed ways of providing better roads, insurance and education. In 1701 Defoe published "The True-Born Englishman", the most widely sold poem in English up to that time. In the poem he ridiculed the aristocracy.

Late writing and novels At the age of fifty-nine, Defoe began a career as novelist. Within six years he produced six novels, all of which gave him his greatest fame. He recalled the name "Robinson Crusoe" carved on a stone in a churchyard during Monmouth's rebellion and it became the title of his most famous hero thirty-four years later. In 1719 Defoe published his masterpiece "The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe". Defoe based the story of Crusoe on the autobiography of Alexander Selkirk, a Scottish seaman who had been marooned on a desert island for a number of years. The author wrote Crusoe in a plain style peppered with his characteristic irony and wit.

By the end of the nineteenth century, no book in the history of Western literature had spawned more editions and translations than "Robinson Crusoe". The same year, he wrote “The Further Adventures of Robinson Crusoe”, and a year later another sequel story. They were perhaps the first books that conform to the term "novel" and brought Defoe great success.

Other major fiction In the 1720s he wrote a number of other stories which make his later years the most brilliant literary period of his life. Among these "secondary novels" "The Memories of a Cavalier", "The Life of Captain Singleton", "The Fortunes and Misfortunes of the Famous Moll Flanders" and "The History of Colonel Jack" are perhaps the best known. Among these works of Defoe's last years, "The Journal of the Plague Year" (1722) holds a place by itself. It presented a picture of life in London during the Great Plague of 1665 very truly as a diary of an eye-witness. With Robinson Crusoe, all these stories laid the foundations of English realistic fiction.

In 1724 and 1725 Defoe published four successful books. "The Fortunate Mistress; or, … Roxana" appeared in 1724. The second, "A Tour Thro' the Whole Island of Great Britain" was one of the best guidebooks of the period, and the third, "The History of the Remarkable Life of John", was one of his finest criminal biographies. "The True and Genuine Account of the Life and Actions of the Late Jonathan Wild" was the fourth book, published in 1725.

Last works and death Although he continued to write, only a few of Defoe's later works are worthy of note: "The Complete English Tradesman" (1725), "The Political History of the Devil"(1726), "A New Family Instructor”(1727) and “Augusta Triumphans" (1728), which was Defoe's plan to make "London the most flourishing City in the Universe."

He "died of a lethargy" at the age seventy-one in a London lodging-house on April 24, 1731. He was buried in a famous Non-conformist cemetery in Bunhill Fields, London, and his grave is now marked by a monument erected to the author of "Robinson Crusoe" by the children of many lands.

Defoe's simple but effective prose style with its realistic description gave him widespread popularity. He is seen as the father of the English Novel, as well as the first journalist of great individual merit. By that his books will be read for many years to come. Tobolsk. Monument to Robinson Crusoe Conclusion

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