DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
Julia is the woman who/that works with me.
It’s the book which/that tells you how to relax.
That’s the house where I was born.
That’s the boy whose father plays for Manchester.
He is the man who/that I met on the plane.
USAGE
To give important information about a person, place or thing.
Who – for people
Which – for things
Where- for places
When – for time
Who
Which That
Who/which can be omitted (when the verbs in the main clause and a relative clause have different subjects) E.g.: He is the man (who) I met on the plane
NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
This painting, which was painted in 1860, is worth $2 million.
Last week I visited my aunt, who’s nearly 90 years old.
Kazan, where we were born, is a beautiful city.
My neighbour, whose garden is smaller than ours, has an enormous dog.
Usage
If a relative clause gives extra, non-essential information, put it in between commas.
You can’t omit who, which, etc.
You can’t use that instead of who/which.
Note how commas change the meaning of the sentence
The tourists, who had valid passports, were allowed in the country.
The tourists who had valid passports were allowed in the country.
CLAUSES OF PURPOSE
(What for? For what purpose?)
to/in order to/so as to + V
He is running to/in order to/so as to catch a bus.
so that + can/will [FUTURE]
She will stay at the office late so that she will finish the report.
so that + could/would [PAST]
Joe joined a gym so that he could become fitter.
With the view to/with the aim of + V-ing
He went to the bank with the aim of asking for a loan.
For + noun/V-ing
Anne needs a special liquid for removing paint from furniture.
In case + Present [PRESENT, FUTURE]
Leave earlier in case you run into traffic.
In case + Past [PAST]
She kept a second set of keys in case she lost the first one.
Negative purpose
So as not/in order not + V (the doer = the same)
Chris took a taxi so as not to be late for work.
So that + can’t/won’t [PRESENT, FUTURE] (the doers = the same)
He’s put a password in his computer so that others can’t use it.
So that + couldn’t/wouldn’t [PAST]
They hid the truth from him so that he wouldn’t be upset.
Prevent + smb/smth. (from) + V-ing
She drew the curtains to prevent the sunlight (from) coming in.
Avoid + V-ing
He takes the bus to avoid spending money on petrol.
CLAUSES OF PURPOSE
Underline the correct word
CLAUSES OF RESULT
CLAUSES OF RESULT
CLAUSES OF REASON
(to express the reason for something)
As/ because/ since (=because)/for (=because)/ as long as (=because)/ on the grounds that/ the reason for/ the reason why
1) Since she isn’t at home, 2) we’ll go without her.
They fired him on the grounds that he wasn’t doing his job properly.
CLAUSES OF REASON
For (=because) never precedes main clause, always comes after a comma in written speech (or a pause in oral speech)
She didn’t come on time because she was held up in traffic.
She didn’t come on time, for she was held up in traffic.
CLAUSES OF REASON
Because of/Due to + noun/ V-ing
Due to the severe snowstorm, the airport had to close.
I caught a cold because of standing in the rain for hours.
Because of/Due to + the fact that … … …
Due to the fact/Because of the fact that there was fog, all train departures were cancelled.
CLAUSES OF REASON AND RESULT
