Учебно - методическое пособие пособие по дисциплине «Иностранный язык»

ГОУ СПО ЛНР «КРАСНОДОНСКИЙ ПРОМЫШЛЕННО – ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЙ КОЛЛЕДЖ»

ИНОСТРАННЫЙ ЯЗЫК (АНГЛИЙСКИЙ)

ПО ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОЙ НАПРАВЛЕННОСТИ

учебно – методическое пособие для студентов специальности

21.02.17 «Подземная разработка месторождений полезных ископаемых»

Номинация: «Современное учебное пособие»

2017

Составители: Колотовичева Ирина Сталиковна – преподаватель английского языка, специалист высшей категории; Лактионова Оксана Евгеньевна – преподаватель английского языка, специалист высшей категории.

Учебное пособие состоит из 12 уроков-тем, рассчитанных на 44 часа аудиторных занятий. Авторы раскрывают содержание основных тем по дисциплине «Иностранный язык по профессиональной направленности», предлагают методические рекомендации и грамматический справочник для более качественного овладения материалом. Пособие предназначено для преподавателей, а также студентов 3-го курса специальности 21.02.17 «Подземная разработка месторождений полезных ископаемых»

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

Введение 4

Lesson 1.Engineering professions. 5

Lesson 2.My speciality 8

Lesson 3 Coal mining 11

Lesson 4.Coal and its classification. 17

Lesson 5.What is mining? 20

Lesson 6.From the history of coal mining. 22

Lesson 7.Two basic ways to mine coal. 24

Lesson 8.Open cast (open - pit) mining. 26

Lesson 9.Underground mining. 28

Lesson 10.Shaft 31

Lesson 11.Ventilation 33

Lesson 12.Drainage and pumping…..……………………………………………………………36

Грамматический справочник 38

Вывод 50

Список литературы. 52

ВВЕДЕНИЕ

Современное общество требует от технических вузов подготовки специалистов, владеющих иностранным языком и способных к профессиональной коммуникации.

Отсюда цель пособия – развитие и совершенствование у студентов коммуникативной компетенции, достаточной для осуществления общения на английском языке в устной и письменной форме в соответствии с программой; совершенствование навыков различных видов чтения (поискового, ознакомительного, просмотрового, изучающего), что по-прежнему остается одной из основных задач в неязыковых вузах.

При отборе текстового материала в качестве основного критерия служила информативная ценность текстов и их соответствие интересам студентов технических вузов,связь с дисциплинами по специальности.

Для сочетания работы над различными аспектами языка и речи в пособие включены упражнения репродуктивного типа, полупродуктивного и продуктивного. Репродуктивные упражнения: выбор правильного варианта, заполнение пропусков, чтение определенных предложений вслух и их перевод. Полупродуктивные упражнения: ответы на вопросы, реплики на ложные утверждения, составление собственных предложений и другие. Продуктивные упражнения: обсуждение прочитанных текстов, ответы на различные вопросы. Основная цель подобного разнообразия упражнений заключается в стимулировании коммуникативной деятельности студентов.

Настоящее учебное пособие предназначено для студентов ГОУ СПО ЛНР «Краснодонский промышленно – экономический колледж» для специальности 21.02.17 «Подземная разработка месторождений полезных ископаемых».

Пособие состоит из двенадцати тем, каждая из которых включает в себя словарь по теме, текст, упражнения по работе над текстом, грамматические упражнения. Данное пособие содержит лексический материал, необходимый для базового уровня профессиональной коммуникации. В целях лучшего управления учебной деятельностью, все упражнения построены на основе дифференцированного отбора языкового и текстового материала.

Грамматический справочник позволяет студенту при необходимости самостоятельно изучить или повторить то или иное грамматическое явление.

LESSON 1. THE ENGINEERING PROFESSIONS

1. Read the following words:

[eil — base, save, 'labour, 'nation, 'stable, main

loul — grow, growth, role, coke, coal

[ju:] — new, 'newly, fuel, 'useful, 'useless, pro'duce, re'newal

[o:l — raw, more, all, North, re'source, re'cord

[o] — long, 'modern, 'policy, 'quality

[^] — but, 'country, 'hundred, 'other, dis'cover, dis'covery, pro'ductive, pro'duction

[ae] — gas, plan, 'rational, 'national, ex'tract, extractive

[i:] — lead, 'leading, 'leader, need, 'region, in'crease,de'crease

Read the following geographic names :

West [west], western, East [i:st], eastern

North [no:0], nortern, Siberia, Central Assia

2. Remember the following words:

Engineering – инженерия

Field – область (знаний)

Toolmaker – инструментальщик

Craftsman – мастер

mining engineer – горный нженер (техник)

mechanical engineer – механик

civil engineer – промышленный инженер

metallurgical engineer – металлург

skilled technician – квалифицированный специалист

device – прибор

science – наука

devise – разработать

machine – механизм, машина

perform – представлять

calculate – вычислять

empirical information – эмпирическая информация

Engineering is one of the most ancient occupations in history. Without the skills included in the broad field of engineering, our present-day civilization never could have evolved. The first toolmakers who chipped arrows and spears from rock were the forerunners of modern mechanical engineers. The craftsmen who discovered metals in the earth and found ways to refine and use them were the ancestors of mining and metallurgical engineers. The skilled technicians who devised irrigation systems and erected the marvelous buildings of the ancient world were the civil engineers of their time.

Engineering is often defined as making practical application of theoretical sciences such as physics and mathematics. Many of the early branches of engineering were based not on science but on empirical information that depended on observation and experience.

The great engineering works of ancient times were constructed and operated largely by means of slave labor. During the Middle Ages people began to seek devices and methods of work that were more efficient and humane. Wind, water and animals were used to provide energy for some of these new devices. This led to the Industrial Revolution which began in the eighteenth century, first steam engines and then other kinds of machines took over more and more of the work that had previously been done by human beings or by animals. James Watt, one of the key figures in the early development of steam engines, devised the concept of horse power to make his customers understand the amount of work his machines could perform.

Since the nineteenth century both scientific research and practical application of its results have escalated. The mechanical engineer now has the mathematical ability to calculate the mechanical advantage that results from the complex interaction of many different mechanisms. He or she also has new and stronger materials to work with and enormous new sources of power. The Industrial Revolution began by putting water and steam to work; since then machines using electricity, gasoline, and other energy sources have become so widespread that they now do a very large proportion of the work of the world.

3. Give the English equivalents for the expressions below.

Практическое применение теоретического знания; отрасли машиностроения; наблюдения и опыт; паровой двигатель; количество работы; лошадиная сила; научное исследование; комплексное взаимодействие различных машин; источники энергии; преимущество механической конструкции.

4. Join the beginnings and ends.

5. Answer the questions.

1. Who were the forerunners of modern mechanical, mining, metallurgical and civil engineers?

2. How is engineering often defined?

3. What kind of information were many of the early branches of engineering based on? Give some examples.

4. Name two important factors in the explosion of scientific knowledge in modern times.

5. What made people in the Middle Ages in Europe begin to experiment with new devices and methods of work?

6. What was the historical result of experimentation with different kinds of energy?

7. Who was James Watt? Why did he devise the concept of horse power?

8. What advantages have scientific research and its applications given to the mechanical engineer?

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

1.Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form (Present, Past, Future Simple)

1.Engineers (design) and (make) machines and equipment. 2. The Industrial Revolution (begin)  by putting water and steam to work. 3.The scientific and technological progress (continue) in engineering during next century. 4. A complete automated system (include) various devices: program, action, sensing or feed back decision and control elements. 5. Romans (develop) large scale mining methods. 6. I (want) to be an engineer. 7.The profession of engineer (require) good knowledge of physics and mathematics. 8. I (try) to do my best to become quite knowledgeable in the field of mining engineering. 9. Mining engineers often (specialize) in a particular mineral or metal, such as iron or coal. 10. Most engineers work full time. 

2.Put the necessary form of verb to be (Present, Past, Future)

1. Engineering (be) the profession in which knowledge of the mathematical or physical sciences gained by study, experience and practice. 2. Many of early branches of engineering (be) based not on science but on empirical information that depended on observation and experience. 3. The principal work of the engineer (be) drawing. 4. Engineering (be) one of the most ancient  occupations in history. 5. Next year I (be) a student on Technical University.

3.Make up as many questions as possible on the basis of the following sentences.

1. The principal work of the engineer is design. 2. The engineer must combine many of the characteristics of the scientist, research engineer and technologist.3. A modern engineer cannot do without knowledge in many fields other than those of engineering. 4. The engineer must have a scientific attitude, imagination, initiative and good judgement. 5. The engineering solution is optimum solution, taking into account many factors.

LESSON 2. MY FUTURE SPECIALITY

1. Translate these international words:

economy, mechanization, automation, excavator, conveyer, bachelor, master, mechanical, to operate, management, machine, resources, progress.

2. Choose the proper meanings of the following English words:

3. Remember the reading of the following words:

technique [tek'ni:k]

control [kən'troul] .

machine [mə'ƒi:n]

automation [ o:tə'meiƒn]

economy [ i: 'konəmi]

mechanical [mi´kænikəl]

bachelor ['bætƒələ]

require [rik'waiə]

4. Translate into Russian:

Due to the development; improvement of working conditions; mechanization of mining operations; the main item of mechanical means; the multi-stage system; permits to train specialists; automation of industrial installations; to satisfy the world's growing demand; must efficiently use modern machinery and human resources.

5. Read and translate the text.

Mining Electromechanical Engineers.

The coalmining industry is one of the leading branches of the national economy of the LPR. Due to the development of science and engineering a backward branch of industry coal-mining turned into a highly developed branch of the national economy. Much attention is being paid to the improvement of working conditions in our mines. Miners' labour has become easier due to the mechanization and automation of all mining operations; cutting, breaking ground, loading, transport, water pumping, mine support, ventilation, etc. Various types of mining machines are employed in our mines today. They are coal-cutting machines (coal-cutters), loaders, cutter-loaders, excavators, scrapers and belt-conveyers. The cutter-loader is the main item of mechanical means: it undercuts the coal, hews it and loads it onto a conveyer.

The next stage in the development of mechanization will be the introduction of automation of all mining operations. That's why a present day mine is to be equipped with highly automated machines: computer centers, automatic production management systems, modernized operating and controlling equipment.

The Mining Electromechanical Department is one of the main departments of Technical Institutes. It trains mining mechanical engineers, mining electrical engineers and mining electromechanical engineers for mining industry. The multi-stage system of education permits to train bachelors, engineers and holders of a masters degree in the following directions: mining machines and equipment; automation of mining and technical processes and productions; electrical equipment and automation of industrial installations and technological complexes in mining works.

The traditional programme requires 4-5 year training. It consists of social, subjects, engineering subjects and special subjects. The students study mining technology, basic electrical engineering, industrial electronics, control systems and computers and so on.

Laboratory and practical training is an important part of the programme. During, their practical training students master technological processes of coal getting, learn to operate modern equipment, safety rules.

The graduates from the department work in production as well as in research. Working in production they hold different posts, starting with a foreman and including a chief engineer, a master mechanic or mine manager. To satisfy the world's growing demand for minerals young engineers must efficiently use modern machinery and human resources based on scientific and technological progress.

6.Answer the questions.

1. What industry is one of the leading branches of the national economy of the LPR?

2. Why has miners' labour become easier?

3. What different types of machines are employed in mines?

4. What will the next stage be in the development of mechanization?

5. How is a present day mine to be equipped?

6. What department trains specialists for mining industry?

7. What directions does the multi-stage system of education permit to train bachelors, engineers, masters in?

8. What special subjects do the students study?

9. What do the students master during their practical training?

10. Where do graduates from this department work?

7. Find in the text equivalents to these word-combinations:

ведущая отрасль; народное хозяйство; отстала отрасль; условия труда; стал легче благодаря; различные типы горных машин; горный комбайн; горный электромеханик; многоступенчатая система образования; обладатели степени магистра; основы электротехники; важная часть программы; занимают различные должности; растущие потребности; должны эффективно использовать.

8. Open the brackets and use the proper word or word combinations.

1. The coal-mining industry is (одна из ведущих) branches.

2. (Практика студентов) is an important part of the programme.

3. Much attention is paid to (облегчению условий труда) in our mines.

4. A present day mine (должна быть оборудована) with a highly automated equipment.

5. (Горный электромеханический факультет) trains mining mechanical engineers.

6. The graduates from the department (работают как на производстве, так и на ...) in research.

9. Give reasonable rejoinders using: because, that's why, it's quite clear because.

1. A backward branch of industry coal-mining turned into a highly developed branch....

2. Miners' labour has become easier...

3. The next stage in the development of mechanization will be the introduction of automation of mining operations...

4. Practical training is an important part of the programme…

5. We have to satisfy the world's growing demand for minerals...

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

1. Translate the following sentences into Russian, paying attention to the use of Continuous Tenses.

1. A group of engineers is working out the programme of investigations in the northern part of the country.

2. Now they are working out a detailed plan for carrying out their future work.

3. The students will be studying physical geology which deals with the chemical composition, crystal form and the origin of minerals.

2. Rearrange these series of words to form sentences.

1. working out, prospecting, is, of, methods, a group of geologists, new.

2. at that time, not, carrying out, the laboratory, they, the experiment, in, were.

3. shall, from , till 12, we, working, be, the laboratory, in.

3. Fill in the blanks in the sentences with the proper form of the verb.

1. At present a group of scientists ... important problems concerning oil extraction.

a. works out b. has worked out c. is working out.

2. The geologists ... a new map now. It will help forecast valuable minerals.

a. compiled b. were compiling c. are compiling

3. When we came into the hall, the scientist ... about the recent investigations in the northern regions of the country.

a. spoke b. was speaking c. is speaking

4. In fact, for many years A. P. Karpinsky ... with equal skill in every branch of geology.

a. works b. was working c. worked.

5. In the past decades the number of scientific researches has considerably increased and it ... still ... very rapidly.

a. increases b. was increasing c. is increasing.

LESSON 3. COAL MINING

1. Remember the following words:

coal - уголь;

coking coal -коксующийся уголь;

sal(e)able coal -товарный уголь;

coal production- производство угля, добыча угля;

coal reserves -угольные запасы

explosive -взрывчатое вещество, взрывчатый материал

get (got, got) - добывать, извлекать (уголь, руду);

coal getting- выемка угля, добыча угля

mine - шахта, рудник; разрабатывать, добывать;

coal mine -угольная шахта;

mine fire -рудничный пожар

mining - горное дело, разработка месторождений полез­ных ископаемых; а горный;

coal mining -добыча угля; угольная промышленность;

hydraulic mining -гидрав­лическая добыча;

opencast mining- разработка откры­тым способом;

opencut mining -разработка открытым способом;

strip mining -разработка открытым спосо­бом;

output -добыча, производительность;

annual output -го­довая добыча;

daily output -суточная производитель­ность;

OMS — output per manshift- производительность на человеко-смену

safe - безопасный, надежный;

safety -безопасность; техника безопасности,

shotfiring -взрывные работы, взрывание шпуров

spontaneous combustion -самовозгорание

water pressure -водяное давление

win (won, won) -добывать, извлекать (руду, уголь);

coal winning = coal getting; underground winning -под­земная выемка, подземная добыча

2.Translate into Russian the following nouns with the suffix -sion (-ation, -tion), formed from verbs.

Например: to apply — применять, application — применение

1. to automate — автоматизировать; automation — ...

2. to install — устанавливать, монтировать; installa­tion — ...

3. to produce -— производить; production - ...

3.Translate into Russian the following nouns with the suffix -ment, formed from verbs.

Например: to achieve — достигать, achievement — до­стижение

1. to develop—развивать(ся); development — ...

2. to equip — оборудовать; equipment — ...

3. to improve — улучшать(ся); improvement — ...

4. Choose the correct translation of English words:

5. Choose the correct translation of Russian words:

6. Choose the correct definition for English terms:

ИНСТРУКЦИИ К ТЕКСТУ

1. Чтобы запомнить следующие предлоги, переведите сочетания с этими предлогами:

according to ~ согласно чему- либо; per —- в, на

according to the scheme — согласно схеме; per shift — в смену

according to the diagram — ... per day — ...

according to the plan — ... per month — ...

according to the report — ... per man — ...

2. Чтобы запомнить наречия also — также; extensively-широко; mainly — главным образом; nearly— при­близительно, около; nevertheless — тем не менее; undoubtedly — несомненно, переведите следующие предложения:

1. Hydraulic mining had been practised in the Soviet Union many years ago. Hydraulic mining was also used in Poland.

2. In coal mining great progress will be achieved mainly through mechanization and automation. 3. Opencast mining is undoubtedly the cheapest way to get coal.

4. Nevertheless, old mining equipment is used in the mines.

5. Strip mining had been used extensively in the USA.

ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЕ ПОЯСНЕНИЯ К ТЕКСТУ

То be в качестве модального глагола

to be + Infinitive с частицей to

We are to increase the output of coal.

Глагол to be + Infinitive в составном глагольном ска­зуемом выражает долженствование.

То be в настоящем времени + инфинитив выражает необходимость совершить действие в настоящем или бу­дущем и переводится на русский язык словами «дол­жен», «нужно».

The coal industry is to increase its output of coal.- Угольная промышленность должна

увеличить добычу угля.

New mines are to be put into operation in the Donbas. В Донбассе должны быть

введены в действие новые шахты.

То be в прошедшем времени + инфинитив выражает необходимость, существовавшую в прошлом, и перево­дится словами «должен был».

Opencast mining was to be used in Great Britain but it had little success.- В Великобритании должна была применяться открытая разработка, но она не имела боль­шого успеха.

Следует помнить, что кроме составного глагольного сказуемого, глагол to be образует именное составное сказуемое, которое переводится на русский язык слова­ми «заключаться в том, чтобы» или «состоять в том, что­бы». Подлежащее в таких предложениях, как правило, выражено существительным типа: task, question, problem, matter, duty, aim, etc.

The problem (the task) is to mechanize the mine. - Проблема (задача) заключается в

том, чтобы механизировать шахту.

The aim is to complete the construction in time. - Цель заключается в том, чтобы завершить

строительство вовремя.

Translate into Russian

1. We are to improve conventional methods of mining;

2.Our aim is to improve conventional methods of mining;

3. The engineer is to design new combines;

4. His task is to design new combines;

Say in which of the following sentences the verb to be expresses the need:

1. The problem is to apply this method or not.

2. Coal industry is to apply modern methods of mining.

3. Open­cast mining is to be extensively used.

4.The mining engineers’ problem is to design the most suit­able type of coal getting machines.

COAL MINING

I. The coal mining industry is one of the leading branch­es of the national economy in Russia. Accord­ing to recent data coal production in Russia is to be greatly increased in future. The vast increase in coal production will be achieved mainly through the development of the most technically improved and economically advan­tageous methods, i.e. opencast mining. Open­cast mining of coal will rise considerably.

II. Underground hydraulic mining had been practised extensively many years ago. In 1960s about three million tons of coal were mined by this method. The advan­tages of hydraulic mining were safe and easy coal getting. It should be noted that where hydraulic mining was used mine fires do not occur, though very often the coal is liable to spontaneous combustion. Explosives were eliminated. Power­ful hydraulic monitors with water pressures up to 800 lb/sq. in. were used. The coal was won without the need of shotfiring.

III. Nevertheless, underground mining constantly plays a major part because most of the high-grade coking coal, on which the steel industry depends, is only found at great depths. It should be noted that the coal industry is to increase the output of coking coal so as to satisfy the needs of the metallurgical industry. The main trend of the coal mining industry is complex mechanization and automation of underground mining, the development and introduction of new winning methods and new equipment which will make miners' work underground easier. According to future plans, the development includes future increases in production, the opening -up of new coal-fields, the full mechanization of production processes, and the moderniza­tion of existing mining enterprises.

IV. To provide the thermal electric power stations with fuel, it will be necessary to put into operation new power­ful opencut mines and it has been decided to set up coal-chemistry enterprises with the thermal stations.

1. Answer the following questions on the text:

I. a) What industry is one of the leading branches of the national economy in Russia?

b) What methods of mining do you know?

II. a) What were the advantages of hydraulic mining?

b) Do mine fires occur where hydraulic mining was used?

c) Was it necessary to use explosives where hydraulic mining was used?

III. a) Why do you think underground mining continues to play a major part in Russia?
b) What is the main trend of the coal mining industry?

IV. a) What is to provide the thermal electric-power stations with fuel?

2. In the sentence use the required word or term:

1. ... is regarded as one of the most economical and ad­vantageous methods of mining. If is used where coal lies near the surface.

2. ...s occur where coal is liable to spon­taneous combustion.

3. ... means output per manshift.

4. The mining of coal with the help of water pressures without shotfiring is called ... It was safe and easy coal get­ting.

5. The ... OMS in opencast coal mining is higher than that in underground mining.

3. In the sentence use one of the following adverbs:

1. undoubtedly 2. mainly 3. nearly 4. extensively

1. Coal production is increased ... through mechanized and automated methods of mining. 2. ... underground mining plays a major part in coal industry because a large proportion of the high-grade coking coal is only found at great depths.

3. Opencast mining is ...the cheapest way to win coal.

4. Convention­al mechanized winning of coal is ... used in Great Brit­ain. About 95% of British coal is produced by under­ground mining.

4. In the sentence use one of these combinations of words:

1. as against, 2. as compared with, 3. it should be noted (that) ... 4. to put into operation.

1. ... that the output of coking coal will be increased.

2. This mechanized mine increased its output ... 2010.

3. According to recent data new automatic mining machin­ery is to be ... in the mines.

4. Hydraulic mining meth­ods achieved 25 to 40% higher productivity and 30 to 40% lower cost per ton ... conventional coal mining techniques.

5.Make up sentences according to the example:

A ... is to be used ... В

I. Opencast mining 1. because most of the high- grade coking coal

is only found at great depths.

II. Hydraulic mining 2. because it increases produc­tivity and ensures

complete safety in mines.

III. Underground mining 3. where coal is liable to spontaneous combustion.

IV. Automation 4. where coal lies at shallow depths (near the

surface).

6. Based on the text I, complete the sentences using a), b) or c):

1. The coal mining industry is one of the leading branch­es of the national economy. The coal mining industry is to increase its output...

a) according to the diagram; b) according to the scheme; c) according to recent data

2. It should be noted that the vast increase in coal production is achieved mainly through...

a) underground mining; b) opencast and hydraulic mining; c) the development of opencast mining only

3. In hydraulic mines powerful monitors are applied to win coal. The coal is got without the need of...

a) spontaneous combustion; b) shotfiring c) underground mining;

4. An important feature of the coal reserves is that most of them lie at shallow depths and can be mined by...

a) underground mining; b) hydraulic mining only; c) opencast mining

7. Retell the text 1 using the following words and expressions:

leading branches of the national economy; development of advantageous methods; opencast mining; hydraulic min­ing; to be liable to spontaneous combustion; underground mining; to play a (major, small) part; the main trend of; the cheapest (most expensive) way to win coal; to put into operation; coal-chemistry enterprises.

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

1. Translate the following sentences into Russian, paying attention to the use of Perfect Tenses.

1. The engineer has just graduated from the mining engineering department.

2. This year the college authority has introduced a new course in environmental protection.

3. Have you ever been to the mine?

4. A group of students has not yet solved the problem of using a new method in their work.

5. Mining has now become a technically advanced branch of industry.

6. A group of experienced engineers has designed and constructed a new, more powerful mining equipment for opencasts

7. Coal has still remained the major fuel used in power stations.

8. Such towns as Birmingham, Coventry and Sheffield have developed new branches of industry:

electronics, radio, the chemical industry and others.

2. Choose the proper form of the verb.

1. Today mining engineering has become a key industry on which the speed of economic development depends.

а. становится b. стало c. станет

2. Experience has helped the engineers to solve the problem of increasing coal output.

а. помог b. поможет c.помогает

3. Research workers have developed an efficient method for mining bedded deposits.

а. разрабатывают b. разработали c.разрабатывается

4. They had put into operation a new concentration plant which was in proximity to the colliery. а. пускать в производство b. пустили в производство c.пускают в производство

LESSON 4. COAL AND ITS CLASSIFICATION

1. Read the following words:

[ae] — 'active, a'cademy, 'rapid, 'national, con'tact, establish

[^] — 'country, re'public, 'number, con'struction, industrial

[o] — 'college, 'volume, 'foreign, 'problem

[o:] —'ore, transform, important, laboratory, 'call 'for

Answer the questions:

1. What is the classification of coal, based on?

2. Is carbon the only element in coal?

3. Is lignite intermediate in properties between peat and bituminous coal?

4. What heat value does lignite develop when burnt?

5. What coals are liable to spontaneous combustion?

2. Remember the following words:

Energy source – источник энергии

Brown coal – бурый уголь

Formation – образование

High pressure – высокое давление

Burning properties – горючие свойства

Peat – торф

Lignite – лигнит

Bituminous coal – каменный уголь

Anthracite – антрацит

Carbon – углерод

Coal and Its Classification

Everyone knows coal to be one of the most important natural fuels. It took nature millions of years to form coal by the slow decomposition of vegetable matter buried in the Earth. Like petroleum and natural gas, coal is carbon-based fuel. Scientists established it to consist mostly of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen combined in complex groupings.

Coal is the product of vegetable matter that has been formed by the action of decay, weathering, and the effects of pressure, temperature and time millions of years ago. According to the amount of carbon coals are classified into: brown coals, bituminous coals and anthracite.

Brown coals are in their turn subdivided into lignite and common brown coal. Сarbon is the most important element in coal. Lignite is intermediate in properties between peat and bituminous coal, containing when dry about 60 to 75 per cent of carbon. Lignite is a low-rank brown-to-black coal, with crumbly texture, containing 30 to 40 per cent of moisture. Lignite is liable to spontaneous combustion.

Bituminous coal is the most abundant variety, varying from medium to high rank. It is a soft, black, usually banded coal. It gives a black powder and contains 75 to 90 per cent of carbon. Hard and brittle by texture. Bituminous coals may be of coking quality. Coal is used intensively in blast furnaces for smelting iron ore.

Anthracite or "hard" coal has a brilliant -luster containing more than 90 per cent of carbon. Has an uneven surface. It is used primarily as a domestic fuel, although it can sometimes be blended with bituminous grades of coal to produce a mixture with improved coking qualities.

1. Choose True or False sentences:

1) Anthracite coals may be divided into lignite and common brown coal.

2) Coals are ranked according to the percentage of carbon they contain.  

3) Peat, with the least amount of carbon is the lowest rank, then comes lignite or brown coal.

4)Brown coal is hard and it is not liable to spontaneous combus­tion.  

5)Anthracite or hard coal, the highest in percentage of carbon, can be blended with bituminous grades of coal.

Choose the right variant

1. There are … types of coal formation.

4 b) 2 c) 3

2. The first stage of coal formation was …

a) anthracite b) peat c) lignite

3.Peat was transformed into …

a) Bituminous b) Anthracite c) Lignite

4. … has the biggest carbon content and the best burning properties

a) anthracite b) peat c) lignite

5. … has the less carbon content.

a) anthracite b) peat c) lignite

6. The softest coal is ... or brown coal .

a) lignite b) anthracite c) bituminous

7. . ... coals are also divided into coking and non-coking ones.

a) dry b) hard c) soft

3. Find Russian and English equivalents of the following word combinations.

1. spontaneous combustion, moisture and ash content, the most abundant variety of coal, in its turn, the amount of volatile matter, easily inflammable gas, brilliant luster, to smelt iron ore, high-rank coal, a smoky flame

2. легковоспламеняющийся газ, высокосортный уголь, плавить железную руду, самовозгорание, содержание влаги и золы, дымное пламя, самые широко распространенные угли, яркий блеск, в свою очередь, количество летучих веществ.

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

1. Put the verbs in brackets in the right form (Simple, Continuous, Perfect)

1. Russia (be) an energy - rich country with a well – developed scientific and engineering basis. 2. The country (have) large commercial coal reserves.

3. Geological conditions of coal – fields (be) quite different.

4. Industrial enterprises of the Republic (produce) different types of machines and equipment.

5. Last year the colliery (produce) more coking coal than in previous years.

6. In future the plant (increase) the production of mining equipment.

7. He never (be) in mine.

8. Today mining engineering (become) a key industry.

9. At present a group of scientists (work out) important problems concerning coal extraction.

10. Сarbon (be) the most important element in coal.

2. Complete the sentences from the following words

1. already/ his/ he/ finished/ work/ has/ laboratory.

2.problem/ in details/ this/ study/ please

3. week/ let/ a quarry/ us/ visit/this

4.he/finished/ before/ his/had/work/ he/ the Donbas/ left

5.have/ not/ designed/they /a/ engine/ new

6.last month/ fulfilled/ plan/ the/ miners/ ahead/ time/ the/ of

7.are/ ranked/ coals/ to/ according/ percentage / the/ contain/ they

3.Make the questions to the answers.
1) Coal is classified by hardness determined in part by carbon content.

2) According to the amount of heat it produces coal is classified into four ranks or types.

3) The softest coal is lignite or brown coal.

4) Soft coals are also divided into coking and non-coking ones.

5) Coal is considered hard if it contains about 6 per cent of volatile matter.

LESSON 5. WHAT IS MINING?

1. Read the following words:

[ae] — 'active, a'cademy, 'rapid, 'national, con'tact, establish

[^] — 'country, re'public, 'number, con'struction, industrial

[o] — 'college, 'volume, 'foreign, 'problem

[о:] —'ore, transform, im'portant, laboratory, 'call 'for

[э:] — 'work, 'works, 'worker, 'journal, re'search

[kw] — 'quality, 'qualified, qualification

[k] —'technical, mechanical, technological, mechanization

2. Remember the following words:

Mining – добыча, разработка

Occupy – занимать

Search – поиск, исследование

Exploitation – эксплуатация, использование

Dressing – обогащение

Rock – порода

Raw materials - сырье

Oil – нефть

Source – источник

Ore – руда

To break out – вырвать, достать

Surface – поверхность

Purpose – цель

Prospecting – разведка, изыскание

Investigate – исследовать, изучать, обследовать

To ascertain – выяснять

Properties - свойства

Richness – богатство, изобилие

Thickness – толщина, плотность

Extent – объем, размер

Deposit – месторождение

Shape – форма

Beds – слои, пласты

Immediate roof - непосредственная кровля

Floor – перекрытие

Amount – количество

Firedamp - рудничный газ, метан

Enterprise - предприятие

Profitableness – выгодность

Preliminary work – подготовительная работа

Exploration – геологоразведочные работы

WHAT IS MINING

Mining is a branch of industry occupied with the search for exploitation, and dressing of economic minerals and rocks.

A lot of minerals and rocks are today basic raw materials for various branches of industry: coal and oil are the most important sources of heat and energy; metals produced from ores, form the building material for machines, bridges and other constructions; some minerals give the raw materials for the chemical industry; others are used in building.

The miner has two main tasks: to break out and to transport to the surface the economic mineral.

PURPOSE AND IMPORTANCE OF PROSPECTING

Before any mining enterprise can be begun, the locality of mineral has to be thoroughly investigated in order to ascertain its nature, the properties of the minerals, its richness (amount in per cent), thickness, and a real extent of deposit, and thus the reserves of the mineral, the shape of the deposit, the nature of the overlying and underlying beds, especially of the immediate roof and floor of the deposit, the amount of water, the presence of firedamp or other gases, the necessity of ore dressing, etc. Other factors are the size of the proposed mining enterprise; the way in which it will be equipped, the manner of mining, the cost of installation, and the profitableness of the enterprise. This preliminary work is called Prospecting and Exploration.

1. Are the following statements true or false?

1. A lot of minerals and rocks are today basic raw materials for various branches of industry.

2. Coal and oil are the most important sources of heat and energy.

3. Before any mining enterprise can be begun, the locality of railway stations has to be thoroughly investigated.

4. The miner has two main tasks: to break out and to transport to the surface the economic mineral.

2. Finish the following sentences according to the content of the text:

1. Mining is a branch of industry occupied with the search for ... .

2. A lot of minerals and rocks are today basic raw materials for ... .

3. Coal and oil are the most important sources of ... .

4. Other minerals give the raw materials for ... .

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

1. Определите, в каких предложениях употреблены глаголы в страдательном залоге. Переведите предложения.

1.Geologist divided the rocks of the Earth into three main classes or types.

2. They are divided into sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic rocks.

3. Coal is used as fuel.

4. People used coal as fuel for a long time.

5. Coal, ore, oil are the basic raw materials for national economy.

2.Поставьте глагол в скобках в нужную форму страдательного залога.

1.A new apparatus (invent) by one of our engineers.

2. The mine (constructed) twenty years ago.

3. This engineer (invite) to the conference next week.

4. Underground and opencast mines (equip) with new machines.

5. This mine (reconstruct) in the moment.

6. They (show) a new cutter – loader.

7. The fuel industry (pay) a great attention to.

8. Experiment (follow) by a test. 9. He (offer) a new job.

10. Before any mining enterprise can be begun, the locality of railway stations (investigate).

LESSON 6. FROM THE HISTORY OF COAL MINING

1. Read the following words:

[e] — 'steadily, 'ferrous, shelf, 'every, bed

[o] — a'tomic, 'foreign, a'ccomplish, 'complex

[аe]— 'manner, ex'tract, ex'tracting, 'rapid, 'rapidly

[ju:] — use, 'user, 'useful, 'useless, con'sume, consumer, reduce

[^] — some, 'other, dis'cover, re'duction

[ai] — while, mine, 'mining, 'miner, su'pply, kind, find, mind

2.Remember the following words:

Heat – тепло

Dug – копать

Supply – обеспечивать

Obtain – получать

Seam – пласт (угля)

Available пригодный, полезный

Consumption - потребление

Commercial - промышленный

Basin - бассейн;

Backwardness – отсталость

Complex - комплекс, совокупность; сложный, комплексный, трудный

Discover - открывать, делать открытие

Improve - улучшать

Iron - железо

FROM THE HISTORY OF COAL MINING

It is interesting to know that coal was one of man’s earliest sources of heat and light. The Chinese were known to have dug it more than 3,000 years ago. The first recorded discovery of coal in the USA was by French explorers on the Illinois River in 1679, and the earliest recorded commercial mining occurred (случилось) near Richmond, Virginia, in 1750.

In the nineteenth century, coal grew rapidly in importance, and from 1850 to 1950 it was the most important energy fuel in America. Today coal is accounting (составлять) for over half of the USA’s electric power generation, supplying coke for the nation’s steel industry, and providing a source of foreign exchange as an export commodity (товар).

In Britain coal was first obtained on a commercial scale as far as the 13th century from sites where the seams actually cropped (выходили на поверхность) and where the nearby rivers or coast afforded (давали) a means of transport.

Although many good seams of coal have now been worked out due to the early development of the industry, total coal reserves in Britain are estimated at 190.000 million tones, which are sufficient for at least 300 years at the present rate of consumption .

In Tsarist Russia coal production didn’t develop till the last quarter of the 19th century due to the socio-economic backwardness of the country, remoteness of coal basins from industrial regions and lack of convenient transport facilities.

3. Choose the right variant.

1. The first recorded discovery of coal in the USA was by….. explorers.

a) American b) French c) Chinese

2. The earliest recorded commercial mining occurred near Richmond, Virginia…. .

a) in 1900 b) in 2000 c) in 1750.

3. The … were known to have dug it more than 3,000 years ago.

a) American b) French c) Chinese

4. In_____ coal was first obtained on a commercial scale as far as the 13th century

a) Tsarist Russia b) France c) Britain

5. In ________ coal production didn’t develop till the last quarter of

the 19th century

a) Tsarist Russia b) France c) Britain

4. Are the following statements true or false?

1. Coal was one of man’s latest sources of heat and light.

2. From 1850 to 1950 it was the most important energy fuel in America.

3. Total coal reserves in Britain are estimated at 190.000 million tones, which are sufficient for at least 50 years at the present rate of consumption

4. In Tsarist Russia coal production didn’t develop due to the socio-economic backwardness of the country.

GRAMMAR EXERSICES

1.Read and translate the following sentences, paying attention to Participle I, Participle II.

1.This walking excavator is of modern design.

2. The students studying at the Mining Institute are to go through practical training at mines, quarries or concentration plants.

3. Designing new mining machines, engineers should pay attention to geological conditions of mines.

4. Lava flowed down the hill, destroying everything on its way.

5. When testing the cutter – loader, the engineers used modern methods of control.

6. The loaded cars are handled by locomotives.

7. The areas occupied by limestone have once been covered by seas.

8. The problem discusses is very important.

9. When hurt coal produces heat.

10. The colliery being built in the region will produce coking coal.

2. Find out the sentences with Patriciple II Defind its function. Translate the sentences.

1.Igneous rocks form a large group of minerals which are economically important.

2. The mining method used depends on many factors.

3. Metamorphic rocks described represent the oldest part of the Earth’s crust.

4. In all the mines visited automated computerized control systems were used.

5. A new system of planning employed gives the opportunity of supplying correct information quickly.

LESSON 7. TWO BASIC WAYS TO MINE COAL

1.Read and translate the following words:

Explore — explorer — exploration;

Indicate — indicator— indication;

Prospect — prospector — prospecting;

Survey— surveyor — surveying;

Differ — different — difference;

Occur — occurrence — occurring;

2. Remember the following words:

Aerial - воздушный; надземный

Dredging - выемка грунта; драгирование

Drill - бурить, сверлить; бурение, сверление; бурильный молоток; drilling бурение, сверление; core-drilling колонковое (керновое) бурение

Drive -[draiv] (drove )driven проходить(горизонтальную выработку);

приводить в движение; управлять (машиной), горизонтальная выработка; привод; передача

Explore - разведывать месторождение полезного ископаемого с попутной добычей;

Galenа - галенит, свинцовый блеск

Indicate ['indikeit] - указывать, показывать; служить признаком; означать

Lead [led] - свинец

Look for - искать

Open up - вскрывать (месторождение), нарезать (новую лаву, забой),

Opening - горная выработка; подготовительная выработка; вскрытие месторождения

Prove - разведывать(характер месторождения или залегания); доказывать,

испытывать, пробовать;

Search - исследовать;

Country rock - коренная (основная) порода

Work - работать; вынимать, извлекать (уголь, руду);

TWO BASIC WAYS TO MINE COAL

Surface (strip) mining is used when coal is found close to the surface or on hillsides. This is a safe and economical method that is used for over half the

coal mining in the USA.

Coal is uncovered by giant earthmoving equipment, which strips off the earth and rock that covers coal (overburden). The topsoil is set aside and the rock goes into already mined areas. Coal is broken into manageable sizes – usually with explosives which blast coal (and overburden) from the earth.

Coal is removed and loaded into trucks by smaller power shovels. The cut is refilled with the reserved overburden. The area is then graded, covered with topsoil and reseeded.

Underground (deep) mining is used to extract coal lying deep beneath the surface or in seams exposed on hillsides. This method is potentially dangerous, so extensive safety precautions are taken. Modern machinery has made deep mining safer and faster than ever before.

Coal is reached by drilling two openings into the coal bed. One is used to transport workers and equipment, the other to send coal to the surface. Both serve to circulate air in the mine.

Coal is broken by one of several methods:

- EXPLOSIVES: coal is blasted out.

- CONTINUOUS MINING: a huge machine digs into the coal at high speeds with a whirling cutter.

- LONGWALL METHOD: a cutting machine works along a wall of coal 300 to 700 feet long.

Coal is removed by automatic extraction systems that cut the coal and load it onto shuttle cars. The coal is carried to the surface on elevators or conveyor belts.

3. Answer the following questions.

1. When is surface (strip) mining used ?

2. This is a safe and economical method, isn’t it?

3.What method of mining is used to extract coal lying deep beneath the surface ?

4. Why are extensive safety precautions taken ?

4. Are the following statements true or false?

1. Surface (strip) mining is used when coal is found deep in the surface.

2. Underground (deep) mining is used to extract coal in seams exposed on hillsides.

3. Modern machinery has made deep mining more dangerous than ever before.

4. Coal is broken by explosives.

5. Coal is broken by longwall method: a cutting machine works along a wall of coal 300 to 700 feet long.

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

1.Read and translate the following sentences, paying attention to Participle II.

Example 1: The mining method used depends on many factors. – Используемый метод разработки зависит от многих факторов.

1.The problems discussed are connected with the investigations of the Earth’s crust depth.

2.Metamorphic rocks described represent the oldest part of the Earth’s crust.

3.The process of metamorphism mentioned above creates of such minerals as tremolite, sillimenite and others which are uncommon in sedimentary and igneous rocks.

Example 2: When burnt, coal produced heat. – При сжигании уголь выделяет тепло.

1. If disturb, rocks cleave easily into separate plates.

2.When needed the additional experiment are carried out.

3.When subjected to pressure, heat and chemically active fluids, various rocks in he Earth’s crust are transformed into metamorphic rocks.

2. Read the sentences, paying attention to –ing forms. Defind their functions. Translate the sentences.

1.Coal beds may consist of different bands of varying thickness.

3.Speaking about the future of coal, it is necessary to note the production of liquid fuels such as gas and oil from coal.

4.The ventilation air flowing through the mine has been greatly increased.

5.It should be noticed that the theory of prospecting and exploration is a link connecting specialists in two fields of mining: the geologist and mining engineer.

6.Minerals and rocks are subjected to a process of constant development depending on geological conditions.

LESSON 8. OPEN-CAST (OPEN PIT) MINING.

1. Read the following words:

[I] — 'mineral, 'different, 'difference, 'fissure, dis'tinctive

[i:]— 'region, need, seam, piece, re'lief, ga'lena

[o] — 'quality, 'quantity, 'copper, rock, crop

[o: ] — call, ore, small, ex'plore, 'forecast

[ae] — ex'tract, sand, 'gravel, 'valuable, map, lo'cality

[A] — 'country, such, e'nough, 'lustre, 'lustrous, occurrence

[ei] — stage, 'data, 'nature, grey, 'mainly, ex'plain

2. Remember the following words:

adit - горизонтальная подземная выработка, штольня

angle - угол

bit - режущий инструмент; буровая коронка, коронка для алмазного бурения;

borehole - скважина, буровая скважина

crosscut - квершлаг

dip - падение (залежи); уклон, откос; падать

exploit - разрабатывать (месторождение); эксплуатировать; exploitation

разработка; эксплуатация

overburden - покрывающие породы, перекрывающие породы; верхние отложения, наносы; вскрыша

pit - шахта; карьер, разрез; шурф

reliable - надежный; достоверный

rig - буровой станок, буровая вышка; буровая каретка; буровое оборудование

section - участок, поперечное сечение; geological section геологический разрез (пород)

sequence - последовательность; порядок следования; ряд

sink - проходить (шахтный ствол, вертикальную выработку); углублять; погружать; опускать;

sinking - проходка (вертикальных или наклонных выработок); shaft sinking проходка ствола

slope - наклон; склон; бремсберг; уклон; v клониться, иметь наклон;

steep - крутой, крутопадающий, наклонный

strike - простирание; v простираться; across trench траншея, канава; котлован; v копать, рыть, шурфовать

to make use (of) - использовать, применять

to take into consideration принимать во внимание

OPEN-CAST (OPEN PIT) MINING

Open-cast mining is the process of surface mining in which large quantities of mineral-bearing rock are scooped out to produce, in effect, a very large hole, with terraced sides. The largest, in Bingham Canyon, USA, is 1.5x1.6 miles x 0.5 mile deep.

Two basic types of open-cast mining are quarrying, in which the rock is cut unto large blocks and usually transported away from the site in this form, and metal mining, where the large quantities of rock are ground to the powder on site and the metal-bearing minerals are removed. In this way, large quantities of poor ores may be processed in order to obtain relatively small amounts of the valuable minerals. This method also leaves a very large amount of useless

ground-up rock.

Open-cast mining is used for the recovery of deposits, which are situated close to the earth surface and have the gentle dipping. It is generally considered that open pit mining is more advantageous than underground mining in:

• (higher) productivity of labor;

• (greater) production;

• (lower) cost of mining;

• (better) recovery;

• (better) grade control;

• (better) flexibility of operation;

• (better) safety;

• (better) working environment.

When mineralization in an open pit mine extends to a greater depth, the rapidly increasing amount of overburden imposes economic limits beyond which mining must be abandoned. Under such circumstance, the mining operation is usually converted from open pit to underground mining. The estimated percentage of the total ore production from open pit operation in Western World are: crushed stone – 96 %, iron ore – 80 % ,copper ore – 70 %, hard coal – 50 % The above figures indicate that open pit mining is very important in mining industry.

3. Are the following statements true or false?

1. Open-cast mining is the process of underground mining .

2. Two basic types of open-cast mining are quarrying and metal mining.

3. Open-cast mining is used for the recovery of deposits, which are situated

deep in the earth.

4. It is generally considered that open pit mining is more advantageous than underground mining in productivity of labor.

5. Open pit mining isn’t important in mining industry.

4. Finish the following sentences according to the content of the text:

1. Open-cast mining is the process of surface mining in which ... .

2. Two basic types of open-cast mining are ... .

3. Open-cast mining is used for ... .

4. It is generally considered that open pit mining is more advantageous in ....

5. Open pit mining is ..

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

1. Translate the following sentences, paying attention to Infinitive. Defind its functions.

1. The geological investigations to be carried out include field prospecting and exploration.

2 . The geological and physical conditions of the seam to be worked include its thickness, depth, hardness, etc.

3. The possibility of making direct observations in workings depends on the mining system to be applied.

4. The work of geologists at mines has its own specific character and its own range of problems to be solved during the exploitation of the deposit.

5. The main points to be observed during the driving of openings are the mode of occurrence of the mineral body, country rocks exposed by the openings, the type of Assuring and folding, etc.

6. То estimate a nickel ore the geologists must know how the nickel is distributed.

7. Geochemical methods are applied at different stages of geological investigations, and are used to establish the general mineralization of rocks.

8. To explore certain types of deposits geophysical methods have been used. In coal basins these methods are used chiefly to study folded and faulted structures.

2. Finish the sentences. Put the verbs in Gerund or Infinitive forms.Translate the sentences.

1. I hope you will remember (do) all these things I have asked you.2. I remember (see) you somewhere.3. On the way to Volgograd, he stopped (get) some petrol.4. She stopped (eat) chocolate because she wanted to lose some weight.5. I’m so sorry I forgot (send) you a birthday card.6. He always regretted not (go) to university.

LESSON 9. UNDERGROUND EXPLORATION.MAINTENANCE

1. Choose the correct translation of English words:

2. Read and translate the text.

Having finished the preliminary prospecting work, we can start underground exploration and the opening-up of the mine. This is done by various horizontal, vertical and inclined openings, drifts, inclines and shafts and in many cases by boreholes. Our first task is to make the deposit accessible, or as the miners say "to open it up". How this is done depends on the position and form of the deposit, and on the configuration of the surface. In many cases, we open the deposit by sinking shafts and by driving horizontally from them to the deposit the so-called crosscuts. In mountainous areas, we simply drive a tunnel to the deposit.

Having reached the ore and thus having access to it, we proceed to explore it in horizontal and vertical directions. This is best done by driving levels (or drifts) from the place where our shaft or crosscut has struck it; by sinking winzes in vertical deposits and inclines in inclined deposits.

This work is to explore the deposit, as we do not know whether it will be worth working; we call the drifts - exploratory drifts. These are made so that they can be used for mining if the results of the exploration justify us in undertaking it. Thus, these exploratory shafts, inclines and drifts are then called the development workings, as they are established in such a manner that they divide the deposit into suitable blocks, which can be conveniently mined, and form where the broken ore can be easily transported.

Underground (deep) mining is used to extract coal lying deep beneath the surface or in seams exposed on hillsides. This method is potentially dangerous, so extensive safety precautions are taken. Modern machinery has made deep mining safer and faster than ever before.

a. Coal is reached by drilling two openings into the coal bed. One is used to transport workers and equipment, the other to send coal to the surface. Both serve to circulate air in the mine.

b. Coal is broken by one of several methods:

- EXPLOSIVES: coal is blasted out.

- CONTINUOUS MINING: a huge machine digs into the coal at high speeds with a whirling cutter.

- LONGWALL METHOD: a cutting machine works along a wall of coal 300 to 700 feet long.

c. Coal is removed by automatic extraction systems that cut the coal and load it onto shuttle cars. The coal is carried to the surface on elevators or conveyor belts.

3. Read the text “Maintenance” and translate the following sentences into English:

a) Сырость и мелкая пыль создают в руднике разрушающую обстановку для соединений и незащищенных частей машин.

b) Стандартизация оборудования позволяет использовать меньшее количество необходимых деталей.

c) Для сервисных работ требуется набор инструментов и необходимых (critical) запасных (spare) частей.

An underground mine or construction site is a demanding workplace for all machinery. Dampness and moisture combined with metallic acids form a corrosive environment where rusting occur quickly. Fine ore dust promotes wear and tear on unprotected joints and other moving parts.

In a small construction job, maintenance may be handled by one or two persons using the tools in a service container and a small stock of critical components. Some worksites work without a service container. When a construction site has greater volume and several pieces of excavation equipment in use, the size of its maintenance and service operation also increases.

The actual operation of the maintenance needs to plan the schedule, labor and size of spare parts stock required .This depends on the use, location of the site and delivery aspects, excavation plan etc. Today modern mine will use computer programs and have a facilities stock and several servicemen. Equipment quality, standardization, ease of maintenance, regular delivery of spare parts and training of servicemen make the service operation cost-effective and fast. Standardization of equipment results in having several parts of the same type, so it reduces the number of different components that need to be stocked.

4. Say if these statements are true or false.

1. The underground mine aims to recover minerals contained in the bedrock.

2. Ore closed to the surface ground is mined by underground techniques.

3. Today modern mine is using computer programs and have several servicemen.

4. The actual operation of the maintenance needs to plan the size of spare parts stock required.

5. Underground exploration is done by various horizontal, vertical shafts and in many cases by boreholes.

5. Complete the following sentences.

1. Standardization of equipment… a) the deposit by sinking

shafts.

2. Dampness and moisture… b) form a corrosive

environment.

3. We open ... c) reduces the number of spare

components.

6. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Translate the sentences.

mineral, crosscuts, boreholes, dangerous, deposit

1. We open the deposit by sinking shafts and by driving horizontally from them to the deposit the so-called ________.

2. In mountainous areas we simply drive a tunnel to the___________.

3. The opening-up of the mine is done by various openings, and in many cases by _________.

4. Underground mining is potentially __________.

5. The miner has two main tasks: to break out and to transport to the surface the economic_____.

7. Rearrange these series of words to form sentences.

1. or conveyor belts, is carried, The coal, on elevators, to the surface.

2. be handled by one, maintenance may, In a small construction job , or two persons.

3. combined with metallic acids , a corrosive environment, form, Dampness and moisture.

4. by longwall, Coal, is broken , method.

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

1.Translate the sentences, paying attention to the translation of the infinitive construction "Complex Subject".

1. Oil is known to be one of the most important sources of energy.

2. Petroleum is believed to have been formed from decaying vegetable and animal remains.

3. Drilling is considered to be the principal exploration method.

4. Until recently a depth of 50-ft overburden was considered to be the maximum.

5. Coal is still the most important fuel and is likely to remain the main source of energy for many years.

6. Neighbouring coal beds seemed to be sloping gently.

7. Modern methods of planning and control with the application of computer techniques are known to be introduced into the coal mining industry.

8. The computerized systems of planning and control proved to be reliable.

LESSON 10. SHAFT

1. Remember the following words:

1. shaft – шахтный ствол

air ~ вентиляционный шахтный ствол

blind ~ слепой ствол, гезенк

circular~ шахтный ствол круглого сечения

elliptical~ шахтный ствол эллиптического сечения

exploratory~ разведочный шахтный ствол, шурф

extraction~ подъемный ствол

inclined~ наклонный шахтный ствол

rectangular~ шахтный ствол прямоугольного сечения

2. drift –горизонтальная подъемная горная выработка, штрек, штольня.

blind ~ тупиковый орт или штрек

cross~ квершлаг

day ~ штольня

exploratory~ разведочная горизонтальная выработка

inclined~ наклонная выработка по породе

main ~ главный штрек

3. stope – забой, очистной забой

back ~, overhand ~ потолкоуступный забой

underhand ~ почвоуступный забой

2. Read and translate the text.

Shaft

The mine’s shaft is a long, narrow vertical opening sinking into the earth. The shaft is the access to underground levels, and the mine’s main artery for anything going up and down. Down in mine, drifts and ramps build a network of openings, which connect stopes and workplaces, allowing miners and equipment to travel between workplace.

The shaft is the first component in the development programs for the deep mine. The shaft shall be excavated to the depth of at least 500 m. The deep shaft is important for the mine’s life, to secure many years of production, before ore reserves are finished.

Extending the shaft in an operating mine is very costly and difficult project. Shaft sinking requires both expert labor and specialized equipment, therefore is better to be done by contractor, than by local personnel.

The shaft can be circular, rectangular, or elliptical in profile. The circular shaft is simple to excavate and resist rock pressure better than other sections, thus it is often preferred for a mine.

3. Say if these statements are true or false.

1. The elliptical shaft is simple to excavate.

2. Down in mine, drifts and ramps build a network of openings, allowing miners and equipment to travel between workplaces.

3. The deep shaft is important to secure many years of production.

4. Extending the shaft in an operating mine is very easy project.

5. The shaft shall be excavated to the depth of at least 50 m.

4. Complete the following sentences.

1. The deep shaft is a) very costly and difficult

project.

2. The shaft is b) the access to underground

levels.

3. Extending the shaft is c) important for the mine’s life.

5. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Translate the sentences.

shaft, workplaces, artery, equipment, mine,

1. Drifts and ramps build a network of openings, which connect___________.

2. The mine’s __________is a long, narrow vertical opening sinking into the earth.

3. Shaft sinking requires specialized _________.

4. The shaft is the first component in the development programs for the deep____.

5. The shaft is the mine’s main _______for anything going up and down.

6. Rearrange these series of words to form sentences.

1. in an operating, project, mine, Extending the shaft, is very costly.

2. is a long, sinking into the earth ,vertical opening, The mine’s shaft.

3. for the mine’s life , is important , shaft , The deep .

4. rock pressure, The circular shaft, better, resists, than other sections.

7. Translate into English

a)Для углубления ствола требуется работа экспертов и использование специализированного оборудования, поэтому это очень трудная и дорогостоящая работа. b)Чтобы обеспечить долговременную работу рудника и доступ к запасам руды, ствол должен быть пройден до глубины не менее 500 м.

c) Стволы прямоугольного сечения используются редко.

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

Complete the sentences using the infinitive construction "Complex Object".

1. The teacher said to the pupils: "Learn the rule." — The teacher wanted ...

2. "Be careful, or else you will spill the milk," said my mother to me. — My mother did not want...

3. "My daughter will go to a ballet school," said the woman. — The woman wanted ...

4. The man said: "My son will study mathematics." —The man wanted ...

5. "Oh, father, buy me this toy, please," said the little boy. — The little boy wanted ...

6. "Wait for me after school," said Ann to me. — Ann wanted ...

7. "Fix the shelf in the kitchen," my father said to me. — My father wanted ...

8. "It will be very good if you study English," said my mother to me. —My mother wanted ...

9. "Bring me some water from the river, children," said our grandmother. — Our grandmother wanted ...

10. "Come to my birthday party," said Kate to her classmates — Kate wanted ...

11. The biology teacher said to us: "Collect some insects in summer." —The biology teacher wanted ...

12. "Don't eat ice cream before dinner," said our mother to us. Our mother did not want...

LESSON 11. VENTILATION

1. Remember the following words:

1. stope – забой, очистной забой

2. back stope, overhand stope - потолкоуступный забой

3. underhand stope - почвоуступный забой

4. ventilation door – вентиляционная дверь

5. airway- вентиляционная выработка

6. airduct –воздухопровод, вентиляционная труба

7. intake – подача, приток воздуха; выработка, подающая воздух

8. exhaust - выхлоп, выпуск пара, воздуха; высасывать (воздух)

9. fan - вентилятор

2. Read and translate the text.

Ventilation of the mine is vitally important task. A sufficient amount of air must be provided to keep the lower levels of mine well ventilated. Air quality in mine workings must be kept at acceptable health standard. The air in mine is regularly contaminated by smoke from blasting and exhaust from diesel powered machines.

The mine needs a ventilation system, and usually it is induced ventilation with high-pressure fans on surface, blowing fresh air down through the intake shaft. There is a network of ventilation ducts in the mine. To regulate the direction of airflow for its needed distribution into the underground workings, special devices are installed. They are ventilation doors, ventilation dam (stopping) to control the airflow, passing through active work areas. Then an exhaust airway

channels the polluted air away from under-ground workings. It is very important to provide enough of fresh air directly to the stope, and prevent the loss of fresh air by shortest way between intake and exhaust airways. The duty of special ventilation department is the control of mine atmosphere, inspection and maintenance of ventilation devices, isolation of ventilation ducts against air loss.

3. Say if these statements are true or false.

1. The duty of special ventilation department is the isolation of ventilation ducts against air loss.

2. A small amount of air must be provided to keep the lower levels of mine well ventilated.

3. Ventilation of the mine is vitally important task.

4. High-pressure fans on surface is blowing fresh air down through the intake shaft.

4. Complete the following sentences.

1. Ventilation of the mine is a) ventilation ducts

2. The air in mine b) vitally important task.

3. There is a network of c) is regularly contaminated by

smoke. in the mine.

5. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Translate the sentences.

(ventilation, air, air quality, contaminated, ventilation devices)

1. The air in mine is regularly_______ by exhaust from diesel powered machines.

2. The duty of special ventilation department is the inspection and maintenance of_______.

3. The mine needs a __________system.

4. _______in mine workings must be kept at acceptable health standard.

5. A sufficient amount of_________ must be provided to keep the lower levels of mine well ventilated.

6. Rearrange these series of words to form sentences.

1. the intake shaft, fresh air, is blowing, High-pressure fans on surface, down through.

2. by smoke from blasting, is regularly, The air in mine, contaminated.

3. are installed, of airflow, To regulate the direction, special devices.

4. a network, in the mine, There is, of ventilation ducts.

5. task, of the mine, vitally important, Ventilation is.

7. Translate into English

a) Вентилятор – любое устройство или машина, создающее поток воздуха для проветривания.

b) Основными загрязнителями (pollutants) рудничной атмосферы являются дым от буровзрывных работ и выхлопные газы.

c) Вытяжной воздуховод удаляет загрязненный воздух, а приточный обеспечивает доставку свежего воздуха.

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

1. Translate the sentences, paying attention to Conditional Sentences:

1. If they had known that you needed these materials, they would have sent them at once.

2. If the gradient is suitable, the efficiency is high and there is an absence of expensive engines and engine houses, cables, switchgears and ropes.

3. Were I you, I should study this problem.

2. Choose the proper form of the verb.

a) 1. If she (comes/came) late again, she'll lose her job. 
2. I'll let you know if I (find/found) out what's happening. 
3. If we (live/lived) in a town. life would be easier. 
4. I'm sure he wouldn't mind if we (arrive/arrived) early.
5. (We'll/We'd) phone you if we have time. 

b)1. 'Where is my bank book?'
   'If you............in the drawer, you'll find it.'
A   had looked   
В   look    
С   looked

2 .'Can I go and play football, please, Mum?'
'If you........your homework, you can go and play.'
A   finished        
В   had finished    
С   have finished

3 .'Dad shouted at me today.'
'Well, if you.......... the window, he wouldn't have shouted at you.'
A   didn't break
В   hadn't broken
С   don't break

4 .'When ice melts, it.........water.'
  'Everyone knows that!'
A   becomes      
В   will become    
С   would become

5. 'I'm going to a party tonight.'
   'If I weren't ill, I..........with you.
A   come    
В   will come
С   would come

3. Put the verb into the proper form.

1. Tom: I woke up to find the room full of smoke; but I knew exactly what to do.
    Ann: If I (wake) up to find the room full of smoke I (have) no idea what to do.
2. You must never blow out a gaslight. Do you know what (happen) if you (blow) out a gaslight?
3. A: If I (see) a tiger walking across Hyde Park I (climb) a tree. 
    B: That (not be) any use. The tiger (climb) after you.

4. He says he refused the job, but that this was nothing to do with the salary. He (refuse) even if they (offer) him twice as much.
5. The club secretary is useless. He never tells anybody anything. We (not know) about this meeting if the chairman (not tell) us.
6. You used wet sticks; that's why the fire took so long to light. If you (use) dry sticks it (light) long ago.

LESSON 12. DRAINAGE AND PUMPING

1. Remember the following words:

1. a water-bearing strata- водоносные пласты

2. fissures and voids- трещины и пустоты

3. to leak- течь, просачиваться

4. flushing water- промывная вода

5. ditches- канавы

6. threat of flooding -угроза затопления

7. a pump station- насосная станция

8. sump -зумпф, водосток, водосборник

2. Read and translate the text.

Mine working place must be kept dry. Water can flow into the underground mine from the water-bearing strata or from the surface through the fissures and voids in the rock. Flushing water from rock drilling also accumulates in drift bottoms. Surface water is kept out of the shaft by building around the shaft sills of the material taken out during sinking. Ground water leaks continuously, through fissures in the rock. Ditches are dug with some slope, the water collected and channeled by self-flowing to water basins at lower levels. The quantity of the mine waters changes with season of the year and with the advancing of mining operation. In the mines with the threat of flooding, the special isolating measures are taken.

There is a pump station with its high-pressure pumps, which lifts underground water to surface through the pipe system. The water pumped from the shaft is carried far away from the shaft to prevent the water from returning. Water within a comparatively short distance from the surface can be drained from the shaft by sinking a well or small shaft adjacent to the main shaft. is a water basin at the bottom of a shaft, in which water is also collected and from which it is pumped.

3. Say if these statements are true or false.

1. The water pumped from the shaft is carried not far away to prevent the water from returning.

2. In the mines with the threat of flooding the special isolating measures are taken.

3. There is a pump station which lifts underground water to surface through the pipe system.

4. The quantity of the mine waters changes with the advancing of mining operation.

5. Surface water is kept out of the shaft by building around the shaft ventilation systems.

4. Complete the following sentences.

1. Mine working place… a) the mine from the water-bearing strata.

2. Water can flow into… b) leaks continuously.

3. Ground water … с) must be kept dry.

5. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Translate the sentences.

bottoms, water, quantity, strata, dry

1. Water can flow into the underground mine from the water-bearing______.

2. Mine working place must be kept ________.

3. Sump is a water basin at the bottom of a shaft in which _______ is collected.

4. Flushing water from rock drilling accumulates in drift __________.

5. The _________of the mine waters changes with season of the year.

6. Rearrange these series of words to form sentences.

1. accumulates, in drift bottoms, Flushing water, from rock drilling.

2. the underground mine, through the voids, Water can flow into, in the rock.

3. in the rock, leaks, Ground water, through fissures.

4. through the pipe system, lifts, A pump station, to surface, underground water.

7. Translate into English

a) Осушение рудника – очень важная часть горных работ.

b) Воды поступают в рудник через трещины и пустоты породы.

с) Источники воды в руднике – поверхностные воды, грунтовые воды и промывные воды.

8. Translate the text, using the dictionary.

MINE PUMPS

The type of pumps employed for mine drainage is depended upon the magnitude of the pumping problem at the mine in question. As with all mining machinery, mechanical efficiency and ability to run for a long time without repairs or overhaul are very desirable in any type of pump. The choice of type of pump is also affected by the nature of the power supply available.

A typical compressed air driven ram pump, plunger pump or plunger is shown in Fig.1, its action being as follows:

Fig 1. Typical double-3acting compressed-air ram pump

On the admission of compressed air to the side of the piston nearest the pump the ram moves towards the air cylinder, forcing the water in the space marked "A" on the plan abreast of the working barrel through the delivery valve shown open in the delivery chamber "D" and through the air vessel into the delivery pipe marked "B" on the elevation.

Near the completion of the stroke the valve-gear lever or rocker arm moves the valve rod which admits compressed air to move the main slide valve, which in ram admits compressed air behind the piston while coupling the front of the cylinder to exhaust. On the resulting reversal of direction of movement of the water ram, the volume of the space "A" increases and the pressure falls below that in the delivery pipe and then below atmospheric pressure. The delivery valve

closes, and atmospheric pressure on the water in the sump forces it up the suction pipe "C" to open the suction valve , and fill the working barrel again. While this is taking place, the water in the other end of the barrel, not previously referred to, is being forced out through the other delivery valve into the delivery chamber, to repeat the same cycle. The pump shown is therefore called a double-acting pump.

On the suction stroke, when the ram is being withdrawn from the working barrel, the reduction in pressure which causes the atmosphere to force water into the barrel through the suction pipe will also tend to cause air to flow into the barrel along the ram from the outside atmosphere. If free access were so obtained for the air, then naturally the water would not rise up the suction pipe into the working barrel. This condition is prevented by packing around the ram, and compressed by the use of a gland, so as to make an air-tight joint while not preventing motion of the ram.

9. Answer the following questions:

What is the type of pump employed for mine drainage depended upon?

What features are very desirable in any pump?

What is shown in Fig. 1?

ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЙ СПРАВОЧНИК

Местоимения

Местоимения употребляются в предложении вместо имени существительного или имени прилагательного. Местоимение называет людей, предметы или признаки уже упомянутые ранее. Например:

Nick gave Kate a book. She took it.

Николай дал Кате книгу. Она её взяла.

You have a good dictionary. I want to buy such a dictionary.

У вас хороший словарь. Я хочу купить такой словарь.

Вопросительное местоимение WHO относится к словам, обозначающим людей.

Вопросительное местоимение WHAT относится к словам, обозначающим вещи, или род деятельности. Например:

Who is he? Кто он? (как его зовут) Не is Mr. Johnson.

What is he? Кто он? (по профессии?) Не is a teacher.

В английском языке нет родов есть только местоимения и слова, обозначающи

людей мужского рода (he, man, boy,-son, husband, kingи т. д.).

Местоимения и слова, обозначающие людей женского рода (she, girl, woman, daughter, queen и т.д.)

Английские слова, а также местоимение -It-, обозначающие вещи и животных соответствуют среднему роду русского языка.

Объектный падеж в английском языке заменяет все падежи русского языка

Личные местоимения

(Personal pronouns)

Склонение личных местоимений

Притяжательные Местоимения

Местоимения little и few и местоименные выражения а little и a few

Местоимение little и местоименное выражение a little употребляются с неисчисляемыми существительными, местоимение few и местоименное выражение a few - с исчисляемыми:

Give те a little water, please.

There is little milk in the bottle.

I have a few friends in Minsk.

I've got only few pencils in the box.

Имя существительное

Существительные: собственные и нарицательные, конкретные и абстрактные.

Число: единственное и множественное. Основные способы образования множественного числа.

Падеж: общий и притяжательный. Падежные формы и значения, их употребление с существительными: 1) обозначающими одушевленные предметы, 2) обозначающими неодушевленные предметы.

Множественное число существительных

Мн. число сущ, образуется путём прибавления к основе окончания –s-:

a boy - boys

a book- books

a pen-pens

a girl- girls

Мн. число сущ., основа которых оканчивается на -ch, s, ss, sh, x, а также существительных, имеющих окончание -о. образуется путём прибавления окончания -es,:

a bench- benches

a bus-buses

a glass-glasses

a box-boxes

a potato-potatoes

Существительные, оканчивающиеся на-y (после согласной') во множественном числе имеют окончание -ies:

a baby- babies

a fly-flies

a lady- ladies

Если слово оканчивается –f, (fe), то во множественном числе на-v и добавляется -es:

a life-lives

a knife-knives

a shelf-shelves

a wife-wives

Как и в любом правиле в образовании мн. числа сущ, есть слова составляющие исключения, т. е. они образуют мн. число не по общим правилам в этом случае необходимо заглянуть в словарь и запомнить их:

a man-men

a deer- deer

a formula-formulae

Артикли

Неопределённый -a,an,

Определённый –the

Перед каждым нарицательным существительным должен стоять артикль.

Если вы не употребляете перед существительным артикль, вы должны уметь объяснить, почему.

Артикль не употребляется, если перед существи­тельным стоит притяжательное или указательное мес­тоимение, другое существительное в притяжательном падеже, количественное числительное или отрицание "nо" (не "not"!).

Неопределённый артикль имеет значение единственного числа, и поэтому употребляется с существительными единственного числа:
A boy, a table, a student и т.д.

Определённый артикль употребляется тогда, когда предмет упоминается вторично или просто известен говорящим а также выделяет предмет или предметы из класса им подобных и придаёт значение слова этот, эти:

The book I bought yesterday was interesting.

Open the door please.

Определённый артикль употребляется. когда речь идёт о единственном в своём роде предмете или явлении:

The moon (луна) is bright this night.

Неопределенный артикль a (an) может употреб­ляться только с исчисляемыми существительными, стоящими в единственном числе. Перед неисчисляе-мыми существительными или существительными во множественном числе неопределенный артикль опус­кается. Определенный артикль the употребляется как с исчисляемыми, так и с неисчисляемыми существи­тельными, как с единственным, так и с множествен­ным числом.

This is a book. The book is interesting.- исчисляемое в единственном числе

This is ✓ meat. The meat is fresh.- неисчисляемое

These are ✓ books. The books are good.- множественное число

Запомните следующие словосочетания, в которых артикль не употребляется:

at / school

at/ home

at /'work

Если перед существительным употребляется прилагательное, оно стоит между артиклем и существительным.

This is a book. This is a good book.

Кроме того, существует огромное количество так называемых устойчивых словосочетаний, в которых артикль употребляется или отсутствует традиционно. Эти словосочетания приходится заучивать наизусть.

Запомните следующие конструкции:

There is а ... . Where is the ... ?

Запомните также следующие предложения:

The (book) is on the (table). Ho: The (book) is on a little (table)

Запомните следующие конструкции, требующие неопределенного артикля:

I have а ... Не has а ... I see а ...

This is а ... That is а ... It is a ...

There is a ...

I am a ... He is a ... She is a ...

Запомните следующие устойчивые словосочетания:

in the middle

in the corner

to the right

13

Имя прилагательное

Сравни тельная степень прилагательных и наречий

Модальные глаголы и их заменители

Модальные глаголы не имеют эквивалент в русском языке, они выражают отношение говорящего к действию, выраженного инфинитивом без частицы - tо-.

1 . Сап - мочь (умственная и физическая возможность)
Соuld -прошедшее время

I can swim. - Я умею плавать.

I could translate this text. - Я мог бы перевести этот текст.

2. May - мочь, (иметь возможность, разрешение')

Might - прошедшее время

May I help you. - Разрешите помочь вам.

Заменитель-конструкция to be allowed to.

He will be allowed to take the book. Ему разрешат взять книгу.

3. Must - должен, обязан

Формы прошедшего времени нет

Заменители -have to, to be to, ought to, should

Had to, was (were) to-прошедшее время

You must write it down now. -Вы должны написать это сейчас.

She had to stay at home. Oнa вынуждена была (ей пришлось) остаться -дома

The train was to arrive at 8 in the evening.- Поезд должен был прибыть в 8 вечера.

Ought to, should Ц(значение совета, рекомендации, упрёка)

Children ought to obey their parents. Дети должны слушаться своих родителей.

You should have helped them. Вам следовало бы помочь им.

4.Would- вежливая просьба, повторяемость действий в прошлом, стойкое нежелание совершать какие-либо действия.

Would you help me? (Не поможете ли вы мне?)

Не would often help me. (Он бывало, часто помогал мне.)

Не wouldn't listen to me. (Он никак не хотел слушать меня.)

5. Need – нужно, надо (употребляется, в основном, в отрицательных предложениях)

You needn't do it now. Вам не нужно делать это сейчас.

Словообразование

Основные суффиксы существительных

Основные суффиксы прилагательных

Основные суффиксы глаголов

Основные суффиксы наречий

Времена английского глагола

Таблица временных форм глагола

Группа временных форм Indefinite (Simple)

Формы глагола в Present Indefinite

Правильные и неправильные глаголы (regular and irregular verbs)

По способу образования прошедшего времени все глаголы в английском языке можно разделить на две группы: правильные и неправильные. У неправильных глаголов вторая и третья формы (Past Indefinite Tense и Past Participle - простое прошедшее время и причастие прошедшего времени) совпадают между собой и образуются путем прибавления к основе глагола окончания - -ed (-d):

То as к - asked to change - changed

To receive - received to work - worked

Неправильные глаголы образуют вторую и третью формы различными способами, без четких правил. Это наиболее часто употребляемые глаголы. В конце книги приведен список часто встречающихся неправильных.

Формы глагола в Future Indefinite

Группа временных форм Perfect

формы глагола в Present Perfect

Наклонения в английском языке

Английские глаголы имеют 3 наклонения – изъявительное, повелительное и сослагательное/условное – определяющие типы предложений.

Изъявительное

Изъявительное наклонение констатирует деятельность по факту в повествовательных (утвердительных/отрицательных) и вопросительных (утвердительных/отрицательных) предложениях. Это основное наклонение, описывающее реальность и делающее запросы личными глагольными формами. Большинство утверждений изъявительны.

I know you write such things in your notebook – Я знаю, что ты записываешь такие вещи в блокнот

Повелительное

Повелительное наклонение побуждает к деятельности указанием, запретом, просьбой, советом в повелительных и восклицательных предложениях. Это простейшее наклонение с 2 формами – действительной (простой инфинитив) и страдательной (страдательный инфинитив). Пассивное повелительное очень редко.

Write it in your notebook – Запиши это в блокноте

Повеление иногда бывает эмоционально-усилительным, со служебным do в начале.

Do wake up! – Да, просыпайся же!

Отрицательное повеление очень распространено и начинается с запретного don’t.

Don’t give up – Не сдавайся

Отрицательное повеление тоже может быть в эмфазе, начинаясь с you. Такой разговорный запрет не следует путать с утверждением, в чём обычно помогает контекст и восклицательный знак.

You don’t say no! – Не вздумай отказываться!

Именное повествовательное повеление стало настолько книжным, что уже устарело.

God bless America! – Боже, благослови Америку!

Другой повелительный оборот – с глаголом let, означающим предложение к подразумеваемому you. Обиходная форма оборота - let’s.

Let’s go!- Пойдём

Let it be – Да будет так

Сослагательное/Условное

Условное наклонение предполагает выдумку в повествовательных (утвердительных/отрицательных) и вопросительных (утвердительных/отрицательных) предложениях. Это наисложнейшее наклонение со множеством видов, факторов и значений.

I wish you wrote such things in your notebook – Жаль, что ты не записываешь такие вещи в блокнот

Условное передаёт указание/совет/просьбу в придаточном цели после глаголов advise, ask, command, demand, insist, order, recommend, request, require, suggest, urge.

The teacher asked that we be quiet – Учительница сказала, чтоб мы притихли

Для умозрительного будущего используется настоящее простое время как условие (с (as) if) и будущее простое как результат.

If I (should) see him, I’ll tell him – Увижу его - передам

Для невозможного настоящего (пожелание) используется прошедшее простое время в условном придаточном и часто сослагательные модальные глаголы should/would/could/might в основной части. Условное be становится were (а не was).

If I were you, I wouldn’t keep driving on those tires – На твоём месте я бы не ездил на этих шинах

I wish you were here – Жаль, что тебя здесь нет

Для упущенного прошлого (предположение) используется предпрошедшее время в придаточном и часто сослагательные модалы с совершённым инфинитивом в основной части.

If I had told you the truth, you’d have fainted – Скажи я тебе правду тогда, ты бы упала в обморок

Пожелание также формально выражается модальным глаголом may.

May you live long and prosper – Да живите долго и богато!

Страдательный залог

(Passive Voice)

Формы страдательного залога английских глаголов образуются с помощью вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени, лице и числе и причастия II (Participle II) смыслового глагола:

Present Indefinite: The letter is written

Past Indefinite: The letter was written.

Future Indefinite: The letter will be written.

Present Continuous: The letter is being written.

Past Continuous: The letter was being written.

Future Continuous: The letter will have been written.

Present Perfect: The letter has been written.

Past Perfect: The letter had been written.

Future Perfect: The letter will have been written.

Причастие I (Participle I) (причастие настоящего времени), образованное при помощи окончания - ing, имеет активную и страдательную формы:

Активная (несовершенный вид) – asking

Активная (совершенный вид) - having asked

Страдательная (несовершенный вид) - being asked

Страдательная (совершенный вид) – having been asked

Причастие II (Participle II)

Причастие II (причастие прошедшего времени) всегда пассивно. Образуется оно прибавлением суффикса –ed к основе правильного глагола или путем чередования звуков в корне неправильного глагола.

Употребление герундия и его отличие от причастия I

Причастие - неличная форма глагола, промежуточная между глаголом и прилагательным.

Герундий является неличной формой глагола, промежуточной между существительным и глаголом:

Smoking is harmful. - Курение (что?) вредно.

Иными словами, причастие - в больше степени «прилагательное» по своим функциям, герундий - «существительное».

Герундий

Герундий в английском языке выражает название действия и обладает признаками существительного и глагола. Как и существительное, герундий может быть в предложении:

Подлежащим:

Travelling is a very adventurous thing. — Путешествие – это очень увлекательное занятие.

Дополнением (прямым и предложным):

I don’t mind staying. — Ничего, я останусь.

I am good at playing football. — Я хорошо играю в футбол.

Обстоятельством:

He left without saying a word. — Он ушел, не проронив ни слова.

Именной частью сказуемого:

His task was translating an article. — Его заданием был перевод статьи.

А в группе с предлогом of может являться определением:

I like her way of doing this. — Мне нравится, как она это делает.

Герундий может быть определен притяжательным и указательным местоимением, либо существительным в общем и притяжательном падеже (his singing – его пение, my friend’s speaking – речь моего друга). Перед герундием может стоять предлог (before leaving – перед уходом).

Придаточные предложения:

Условные предложения могут выражать реальные, маловероятные (условные предложения I типа) и нереальные условия (условные предложения II типа).

Условные предложения I типа

Условие, содержащееся в условном придаточном предложении, рассматривается говорящим как реально предполагаемый факт, относящийся к настоящему, прошедшему или будущему временам. Сказуемые главного и придаточного предложений выражаются глаголами в формах изъявительного наклонения.

If the weather is nice, we go for a walk. Если погода хорошая, мы ходим на прогулку.

If the weather was nice, we went for a walk. Если погода была хорошая, мы ходили на прогулку.

If the weather is nice, we'll go for a walk. Если погода будет хорошая, мы пойдём на прогулку.

Условные предложения II типа

Условие, содержащееся в условном придаточном предложении, рассматривается говорящим как маловероятное. Для выражения малой вероятности осуществления действия в настоящем или будущем временах сказуемое главного предложения употребляется в форме сослагательного наклонения should / would + Indefinite Infinitive без to, а сказуемое придаточного предложения - в форме сослагательного наклонения, аналогичной Past Indefinite или were для всех лиц от глагола to be.

If he were free, he would do it. Если бы он был свободен, он бы это сделал.

If we paid more attention to grammar, we should know the language better. Если бы мы уделяли грамматике больше внимания, мы бы знали язык лучше.

Условные предложения III типа

Условие, содержащееся в условном придаточном предложении, рассматривается говорящим как неосуществимое, так как относится к прошлому времени. Сказуемое главного предложения употребляется в форме сослагательного наклонения should / would + Perfect Infinitive, а сказуемое придаточного предложения в форме сослагательного наклонения, аналогичной Past Perfect.

I should not have been late yesterday, if my watch had been right. Я бы не опоздал вчера, если бы мои часы шли правильно.

Союзы условных придаточных предложений.

if - если; in case - в случае, если; suppose (that) - предположим, что; on condition (that) - при условии, что; provided (that) - при условии, что; unless - если … не; but for - если бы не.

Придаточные предложения следствия

Придаточные предложения следствия выражают следствие, вытекающее из содержания главного предложения. Они присоединяются к главному предложению союзами such ... that - такой... что, so (...) that - так что:

The children made such a noise that I couldn't work. Дети так шумели, что я не мог работать.

A tall man stood in front of me so that I couldn't see the picture well. Передо мной стоял человек высокого роста, так что я не мог хорошо видеть картину.

Так же как и в русском языке, соотносительная усилительная частица so так может входить в состав главного предложения для подчеркивания, усиления того или иного качества, а местоимение such такой (таковой) как средство усиления сочетания с существительным всегда входит в состав главного предложения.

The book was so difficult that I couldn't read it. Книга была так трудна, что я не мог читать ее.

He spoke in such a low voice that we didn't (couldn't) hear him. Он говорил так тихо, что мы не слышали его.

Обратите внимание на то, что в придаточном предложении следствия часто употребляется модальный глагол can - могу:

My friend was so busy yesterday that he couldn't go to the country with me. Мой друг был так занят вчера, что не мог поехать со мной за город.

Примечание. Там, где в русском языке такой, такая, такое, такие употребляются для усиления в простом предложении, в английском языке перед наречием и прилагательным может быть употреблено усиление very, most, that, а в качестве усиления существительного - такие слова и выражения, как this, like this, of this type (kind, sort)

и т. п.

I don't like this weather. (= 1 don't like bad weather like this.) Я не люблю такую погоду.

This kind (this type) of machine(s) is not sold by us. (= Machines of this type (of this kind) are not sold by us.) Такие машины не продаются нами.

These are very difficult exercises. Это такие трудные упражнения.

These are very (= most) interesting books.Это такие интересные книги.

The talk was most interesting. Доклад был такой интересный!

Is it that important? Это так важно?

ВЫВОД

Основной целью изучения иностранного языка в средних специальных учебных заведениях является практическое владение иностранным языком для использования его в общении при решении профессиональных, учебных и социокультурных задач; овладение необходимым терминологическим минимумом и преодоление грамматических трудностей языка научной литературы.

Учебно – методическое пособие составлено в соответствии с содержанием рабочей программы учебной дисциплины «Иностранный язык по профессиональной направленности».

Основной целью данного периода обучения является развитие умения работы с аутентичным текстом по специальности.

Цель настоящего пособия – формирование навыков работы с иноязычными текстами, навыков перевода, извлечения информации и её переработки на основе различных видов чтения, расширение активного и пассивного словарного запаса в профессиональной области. Учебное пособие позволяет решать следующие задачи на уроке иностранного языка (английского):

- совершенствование процесса качественного произношения слов;

- введение и закрепление лексики;

- работа над грамматикой;

- совершенствование навыков устной речи.

Пособие состоит из двенадцати тем, каждая из которых включает в себя словарь по теме, текст, упражнения по работе над текстом, грамматические упражнения. Данное пособие содержит лексический материал, необходимый для базового уровня профессиональной коммуникации. В целях лучшего управления учебной деятельностью, все упражнения построены на основе дифференцированного отбора языкового и текстового материала.

Специальная лексика вводится тематически, закрепляется в разнообразных упражнениях. Разделы включают в себя следующие задания:

- прочитать и перевести текст;

- дать ответы на вопросы к тексту;

- найти в тексте эквиваленты русских слов на английском языке;

- заполнить пропуски подходящей по смыслу лексикой;

- составить монологические и диалогические высказывания по предлагаемым для обсуждения темам с обязательным использованием лексики урока;

- прочитать слова, обращая внимание на правила чтения.

- выполнить грамматичесие упражнения;

Разработанные упражнения предназначены для организации правильного понимания содержания текстов.

В процессе обучения формируются следующие, предусмотренные государственным образовательным стандартом компетенции:

ОК-2: умение логически верно, аргументированно и ясно строить устную и письменную речь.

ОК-12: владение одним из иностранных языков на уровне не ниже разговорного.

ПК-7: владение одним из иностранных языков на уровне профессионального общения и письменного перевода.

ПК-17: знание научно-технической информации, отечественного и зарубежного опыта по профилю деятельности.

В результате освоения дисциплины обучающийся должен знать: лексический минимум в объеме 4000 учебных лексических единиц общего и терминологического характера, необходимого для возможности получения информации из зарубежных источников.

Материалы, представленные в пособии, могут использоваться как в ходе самостоятельной работы студентов над иностранным языком, так и на практических занятиях под руководством преподавателя.

СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ:

Агабекян И.П. для средних специальных заведений, серия «Учебники и учебные пособия»- Ростов на Дону: «Феникс», 2010.

Андрианова Л.Н.«Курс Английского языка для студентов вечерних и заочных технических ВУЗов»- М.: «Высшая школа», 2007.

Баракова М.Я., Журавлева Р.И. Английский язык для горных инженеров. Учебник. – 3-е изд., перераб. и доп. – М.:Высш.шк., 2002.

Голубев А.П., Коржавый А.П., Смирнова И.Б. Английский язык для технических специальностей: Учебник для студ. Учреждений СПО. – М: Издательский центр «Академия», 2012.

Журавлева Р.И. Английский язык для горняков: учебное пособие. – М.: КНОРУС, 2011.

Кравцова Л.И.Английский язык для средних специальных учебных заведений. Учебник. – М. : Высшая школа, 2010.

Орловская И.В., Самсонова Л.С. Учебник английского языка для технических университетов и вузов, 2006.

Парахина А.В., Чернухин А.Е. «Учебник Английского языка»- М.: «Высшая школа», 1985.

Эккерсли, К.Э. Самоучитель английского языка. – М. : Эксмо, 2011.

Справочная литература:

Большой англо-русский политехнический словарь (комплект из 2 книг), Издательство "РУССО",1993-2011.

Русско-английский словарь Автор: Коллектив авторов Издательство: Астрель,2009.

http://ogoom.com/soft/105241-tehnicheskiy-anglo-russkiy-russko-angliyskiy-slovar.html

Oxford Essential Dictionary (Elementary and Pre-Intermediate A1to A2) - OUP, p. 475, 2009.