"Виды платежей"

МПЭК РЭУ им. Г.В. Плеханова

Аврамова Дана БД-36

Types of payments

Payments are, in fact, the transfer of money, since funds are transferred from the payer to the recipient of the payment according to the established payment flows that are characteristic of this payment instrument. As a rule, the payee has provided some kind of service or goods to the payer, who in return pays the agreed amount of money on the payment request, usually an invoice, which is part of the invoicing process.

Types of payments

There are several types of payments:

Cash (banknotes and coins): Cash is one of the most common ways to pay for purchases. Both paper money and coins are included in the larger "cash" category. Although cash has the advantage of immediate payment, it is not the safest form of payment, because if it is lost or destroyed, it is, in fact, completely lost. Such losses are not reimbursed.

Personal receipt: they are ordered through the buyer's bank account. Checks, in fact, are a paper form that the buyer fills out and gives to the seller. The seller submits the check to his bank, the bank processes the transaction, and after a few days the money is withdrawn from the buyer's account. With the growing trend towards fast payments, checks are considered a slow and somewhat outdated form of payment.

Debit card: When paying with a debit card, money is debited directly from the buyer's account. It's almost like an extract of a personal check, only without the need to fill it out.

Credit Card: Credit cards look like debit cards. But when paying by credit card, the buyer is provided with a kind of deferred payment. At the end of each month, the buyer receives a credit account statement with an item-by-item list of all purchases. Thus, instead of paying directly to the seller, the buyer makes a payment in favor of the company that issued the credit card. If the entire account balance is not paid, the company is authorized to collect interest on the buyer's unpaid balance. Credit cards can be used for purchases both on the Internet and from retailers.

In systems based on a bank account, funds move from the payer's account to the payee's account as part of the balance sheet of financial institutions providing payment services. The need for physical transportation of cash has changed to the transportation of payment instructions for the required transactions. The diagram illustrates a typical sequence of payment transactions. Problems

The ability to make and receive payments (both within the country and between different countries) through various payment channels facilitates the task of trading partners, since the entire payment system allows you to ensure payment for delivered goods and services and safely send the payment to the desired bank account. The increase in the number of payment methods and channels creates certain problems arising from a more active process of changing legislative and regulatory acts, as a result of which trading partners and their financial institutions are forced to comply with new rules and regulations. Sometimes this can slow down the whole process and require taking additional steps to, for example, verify the identity of the partner, make sure that the payment instructions are correctly executed by the authorized party, reduce the commission fees charged by banks for payment transactions. Competition from existing and new market players, as well as the influence of rapidly developing mobile and Internet technologies - these are additional elements that influence the choice of payment instrument and payment channel.

Implementation methodology

Companies are constantly looking for ways to reduce costs and improve efficiency, and payment management is of great importance in this regard. Cash payments are a manual process that is inefficient and vulnerable to fraud. Payment instruments using a bank account imply electronic transfer of payments and carry solid benefits. With the development of information technology and the widespread use of computers, networks, mobile phones and other electronic solutions, payment methods have reached a new level of efficiency. In particular, electronic applications make it possible to simplify and speed up the procedure for making payments. The initiation of a payment, the transfer of funds and the reflection of the payment in accounting can now be carried out instantly from anywhere in the world. It is now possible to finalize and complete the payment without a paper routine.

One of the main trends significantly affecting the trading process has become the active use of payment methods in which credit institutions become part of the payment chain. In order to delay the due date, an increasing number of consumers are making payments using credit cards. Legal entities use such a tool as factoring. Thanks to these trends, banks have taken a central place in the payment system. Organizations providing payment services should be connected to each other by communication channels in order to speed up and simplify the process of transferring funds. This applies to absolutely all payment instruments. The instruments should be harmonized, and for this it is necessary to use mutually compatible procedures.