Comparison of English and German languages

Презентация Comparison of English and German languages
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/data/files/b1603830471.pptx (Презентация Comparison of English and German languages)Муниципальное бюджетное общеобразовательное учреждение

«Средняя общеобразовательная школа № 1»

Пгт. Нижний Одес

Индивидуальный информационный проект

Тема: «Comparison of English and German languages»

Предметная область «Иностранные языки»

Выполнила: Свинцицкая Полина Анатольевна, обучающаяся 9А класса МБОУ «СОШ №1» пгт. Нижний Одес

Научный руководитель: Воронина Анастасия Романовна, преподаватель английского языка МБОУ «СОШ №1» пгт. Нижний Одес

пгт. Нижний Одес - 2020

Table of contents

Introduction………………………………………………………………….….3

Chapter 1. Vocabulary (Alphabet and Arabic numbering system)...……….…..4

Similarities……………………………………………………...……..…4

Differences…………………………………………………….................5

1.3Language borrowings in German and English………………..………......7

Chapter 2. Grammar…………………………………………………….…..…..9

2.1 Similarities………………………………………………………..….…..9

2.2 Differences………………………………………………………..……...9

Chapter 3. Phonetics…………………………………………………..……….11

3.1 Similarities……………………………………………………….…..….11

3.2 Differences………………………………………………………...…....12

Conclusion……………………………………………………………….….....13

References…………………………………………………………………..…14

Appendix A. The table about similar words in German and English………....15

Appendix B. The table about different meaning words in German and English…………………………………………………………………..….....17

Appendix C. The table about English words in German language…………..18

Introduction

According to Stanislaw Jerzy Lec “Without knowing foreign languages, you will never understand the silence of a foreigner."

I have been learning German and English languages since my childhood. Nowadays learning foreign languages is utmost importance. But students usually choose one foreign language and advance it. As I have been studying two foreign languages it is interesting for me to know more about a close correlation between German and English. Moreover, this correlation hasn’t been thoroughly analyzed. As we all know recently the problem of popularization of languages and personal interest has been brought forefront.

So, the main of this study is comparison English and German (their grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation) to analyze. The task of the study is to examine these languages and focus on similarities and differences they both have in different aspects of a foreign language, to explore the vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation.

I have always loved learning languages. Since I only know English and German well enough that I can make several comparisons based on my knowledge they are the object of my study.

Since I have been studying English and German for several years I have found the most interesting differences and similarities in their grammar, pronunciation and vocabulary. So, grammar, pronunciation and vocabulary are the subject of my study.

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Chapter 1. Vocabulary (Alphabet and Arabic numbering system)

Similarities.

English and German are very similar in origin and development. Their proximity is confirmed by the presence of a large number related words. According to the method adopted in Ethnology, consisting in comparing a standardized list of words in different languages and finding similar among them in spelling and meaning, it was found that English the language has a lexical similarity to German 60%.

One of the most obvious similarities between German and English is the fact that both languages utilise Latin alphabet. The German alphabet consists of the same 26 letters as the English alphabet. Letters with diacritical marks, which convey the umlaut ä ö ü, and β (double s) are not included in the alphabet and present a certain difficulty for English students of German.

The advantage of learning German as an English speaker is that the two languages use the same Arabic numerals and numbering system. Much like in English? Numbers are all comprised of sequences of the digits 0-9 and while these numerals have different names in German, the follow the same core principiles. there is a sharp difference between the number systems of English and German. In German numbers after 12 numbers start first with one and end with tenths while in English they start with tenths and then with ones.

Moreover, German and English are two similar languages. Most similarities between German and English are due to the fact that a significant part of the vocabulary has common roots. The words appear different in these languages, but in some cases the difference in spelling and the pronunciation is not great, and you can easily understand some words and phrases, not knowing one of these languages.

As you can see in Appendix A there are a lot of words of the same origin.

1.2. Differences

German is an inflected language. This means that most parts speech changes

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аccording to its function in the sentence. In the English the word remains largely

unchanged in the language.

Umlaut is indicated by two dots above the letters "a, o, u". Respectively: Ä ä, Ö ö, Ü ü. There are three umlaut in German. umlaut is not just the sound of the letter that stands under the two dots, it is a modified sound. Moreover, it is changed in such a way as if it was connected with the sound [e]. in the literature, you can often find an alternative spelling of umlaut: ä=ae, ö=oe, ü=ue.

Ä ä

Another name for this letter is "a-umlaut". The "a" sound is read. For example, das Mädchen is a girl, and männlich is masculine.

Ö ö

This is o-umlaut. To pronounce this sound, you need to prepare your tongue for the utterance of "a", and prepare your lips to say "o". For example, öffnen-open, können - be able.

Ü ü

In other words, it is "u-umlaut". To pronounce this sound, you need to put the tongue as for pronouncing the letter "I", and the lips as for pronouncing the letter"u".

For example, die Übung is an exercise, überall is everywhere.It is important to distinguish " ä, ö, ü "from" a, o, u", because the meaning of the word changes when different letters are used. For example, schön-beautiful, schon-already.

These languages have both the same words in spelling, pronunciation and meaning but there are words that are similar in spelling but different in meaning as you

can see in Appendix B.

In addition, the spelling of German and English is different. Their biggest difference is the spelling of words. In German, every noun is capitalized regardless of

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its location there.

A characteristic feature of German spelling is the General capitalization of nouns and most nominalized words. Complex words, including nouns, are written together, such as Haustür (Haus + Tür; house door), Tischlampe (Tysh + Lamp; table lamp), Kaltwasserhahn (Kalt + Wasser + Hahn; cold water tap / mixer). This can lead to long words: the longest word in regular use, Rechtsschutzversicherungsgesellschaften ("legal insurance protection of enterprises"), consists of 39 letters; while the longest German word ever published ( Donaudampfschiffahrtselektrizitätenhauptbetriebswerkbauunterbeamtengesellschaft , " Association of subordinate officials of the head office of the management of the Danube steamship electric services») it has 79 letters.

German has stricter punctuation rules than English, which leads to extra punctuation marks in sentences for beginners to learn English, for example: I told her, that she was wrong.

In addition, the division into syllables plays a great role in comparing languages. In German, a syllable is divided by a single vowel letter. That is, one vowel letter is equal to one syllable. And in English, due to the absence of some letters in the pronunciation of words, division into syllables is made using the pronunciation of the word. That is, as many vowels are heard as many syllables.

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1.3. Language borrowings in German and English

Borrowing is a process that results in the appearance of and a certain foreign-language element is fixed. This is an essential component language functioning and historical change, one of the main sources vocabulary replenishment; it is also a full-fledged element of the language, which is part of its lexical richness, serving as a source of new roots, word-formation elements and the exact terms of the borrowing of word sit is a way to supplement the vocabulary of the language, as well as evidence interaction and interpenetration of languages and cultures. Replenishment and modification vocabulary composition is a natural phenomenon for any language, indicating its development and reflection of changes in the life of society.

The German word Blitzkrieg is formed using the word structure and literally it means Blitz-lightning and Krieg-war, that is, "lightning war". The author of this term is considered to be Alfred von Schlieffen.

True connoisseurs of the language of Schiller and Goethe sound the alarm: the German language is experiencing an invasion of anglicisms. "Denglisch” (derived from the words Deutsch and Englisch) - this is the name of this rattling mixture of German and English. The term "Denglisch" is used to criticize the increased use of anglicisms and imaginary English words in German. To some extent, the influence of English on German can be described in terms of ordinary language contact. However, the term denglish is mostly reserved for forced and excessive anglicization or pseudo-anglicization of the German language. These words have passed into German without changing the spelling structure, that is, in the spelling. But in German, they are often pronounced not in English and change their meaning.

In any language of the world, due to various historical factors, there are a huge number of loanwords. For example, English words such as "cool", "Fitnesstraining"," T-Shirt"," Meeting"," Startup " feel great in German and this is a normal understandable process. But the existence of such a language phenomenon as Denglisch or Engleutsch becomes surprising.

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It is particularly popular among German youth. According to Annik Rubens, a journalist and author of the German language training course “Slow German", the German language has changed a lot recently. Today's young people find it cool to use English words, mixing them with German. For example, when the phone broke earlier, the Germans called "den Kundendienst", and today they call" den Service "or" Support "or "die Hotline". Look particularly ridiculous in the German language the apparent anglicisms. These are concepts that sound English, but neither.

As you can see in Appendix C.

Denglish consists in the mass appearance of anglicisms and in an attempt to adapt them to the language. This situation, in turn, led to the partial or complete replacement of native German words. Anglicisms occur in almost all areas of life: construction, sports, and healthcare. However, the priority areas for the dissemination of borrowings from the English language are the media and technical terminology.

Anglicisms in German, on the one hand, enrich the language, make it easier for those who speak the first foreign language – English. On the other hand, it is necessary to maintain the percentage of anglicisms at a certain level. It is impossible to isolate the language, but we can do everything necessary to preserve the original language, the foundations on which the entire history of people, their traditions, customs and customs are built.

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Chapter 2. Grammar

2.1 Similarities

The greatest advantage of Germanic languages-German and English - is that there are a significant number of common points in grammar. Degrees of comparison of adjectives; formation of the main forms of strong (incorrect-eng.) verbs.

The German verb sein (to be) and the English verb be (to be). Both of these verbs are conjugated differently from the others, taking unexpected forms in different persons that have little in common with the infinitive. In both German and English, these verbs can be semantic, auxiliary to the formation of tenses, and can also have modal meanings in combination with the infinitive and particles. When combined with an infinitive, they can have a modal value. In the constructions sein+zu+Infinitiv (Germ. lang), be+to+Infinite (eng.lang) the verbs sein and be mean the need to perform an action (in English. language-an action planned in advance)In

English there are right and wrong, in German – strong and weak. They are also conjugated by subject and by time.

One of the similarities is also the comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives. In both English and German the structure is made up with the suffix and the superlative with the prefix and suffix

2.2 Differences

There are significant differences between the tenses that are used in English to convey a special meaning, and the same tenses in German. For example, there is no long time in German, so you can often hear the following sentences: *I watch TV now.

Another example of inconsistency is the use in German of the present simple tense in contexts where the English use the future tense with the auxiliary verb will. This leads to errors such as *I phone you when I return (I will call you when I return).

Another problem for Germans is choosing the right time when talking about

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the past.

When referring to past events, colloquial German uses the present completed tense, for example, Sie hat an der Universität Literatur studiert (she studied literature at the University). Using the same grammatical tense in English leads to the error: *She has studied Literature at the university.

Also, one feature of the German language is the presence of a definite article that declines in cases: die, der, das. They help determine the gender of a noun but some words differ in gender from English, for example: Das Mädchen -girl in German is used with the middle gender. There are many such words.

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Chapter 3. Phonetics

3.1 Similarities

You can compare English and German at different levels. I will also compare these languages at the phonetic level.

In both languages the stress usually falls on the first syllable in word roots

the similarity of English phonetics with German consists in a pair of sounds.

Pair [θ] – [d]

In English, it reads [θ], this sound corresponds to [d] in German. The phonetic correspondence was considered at the beginning of the word.

For example: thanks – danke

Pair [θ] – [t]

In English, it reads [θ], this sound corresponds to [t] in German. The phonetic correspondence was considered at the beginning of the word.

For example: daughter – Tochter

Pair [t] - [s]

The phonetic correspondence was considered in the middle of the word.

For example: kettle – Kessel 

Pair [e] – [a]

The phonetic correspondence was considered at the beginning of the word.

For example: accordion – Akkordeon

3.2 Differences

In the differences between the phonetics of English and German, it can be noted that in German all words are read as they are written with the exception of 11

letter combinations that give a new sound (such as sch-ch), while in English some letters are not pronounced at all, which is why many words are similar in pronunciation. But in German the exception in pronunciation is the letter “r”. In German, it can be either a consonant or a vowel close to the Russian "a". When «r» is pronounced as "a": after long vowels in final syllables of words, in unstressed prefixes in an unstressed syllable er, if it is final in the word or if a consonant is placed after it.

In the German language also has a special emphasis. Complex words can have two accents: main and secondary. In abbreviations, the accent always falls on the last vowel. and in English, the accent depends on its suffix and prefix. for this reason a word can have one accent and if there is a suffix and prefix it can have a completely different accent.

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Conclusion

Learning languages is an extremely popular nowadays. And during my study I have learnt a lot. First of all there are a lot of similarities in their vocabulary. Both of these languages have the same number system and alphabet. Moreover there are some differences in their vocabulary as well, in German, for example, each noun is written with a capital letter. In addition, there are additional letters in the German language the umlaut. I also compared the grammar of English and German there are some similarities such as basic and modal and right and wrong verbs the difference in their grammar is the presence of time forms. For example, in German there is the same large number of tense forms, as in English. And last but not least branch of linguistics that we've studied was phonetics. The similarity in both languages is a pair of sounds. but their differences in reading and in the emphasis in the words.

Summing up my work I can say that I have fulfilled my goals and objectives namely to compare the grammar pronunciation and vocabulary of English and German. In the course of my research, I found English and German very interesting in their structure. Both languages are special and attract learners a lot in different ways. I learned a lot more about them and consolidated the knowledge I have already known earlier. I realized that learning languages is a very serious thing that needs a special approach to it. After comparing English and German, I can no longer say that any of these languages are easier. Since this topic of study seemed to me very interesting and informative I will continue to delve into the study and comparison of these languages in order to increase my knowledge about them.

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References

1. Англо-русский. Русско-английский словарь для школьников с грамматическими приложениями. – М.: АСТ, 2011. – 573 с.

2. Алексеев И. А. Русско-английский словарь. – М.: Рус. яз., 1983. – 535 с.

3. Крапчина Р. Г. Немецко-русский. Русско-немецкий словарь для учащихся. Грамматический справочник. – М.: Дом славянской книги, 2009. – 511 с.

4. Articles in the English language. - URL:https://www.native-english.ru/grammar (дата обращения: 13. 03. 2020)

5. Borrowing in the German language. - URL:https://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/ruwiki/1819326 (дата обращения: 01. 04. 2020)

6. Building sentences in German. - URL:https://www.de-online.ru/grammatika_nemeckogo_yasyka (дата обращения: 17. 03. 2020)

7. The emphasis in German language. - URL:http://lingorado.com/stress-in-english/( дата обращения: 27. 04.2020)

8. The spelling of nouns in the German language. - URL:https://ru.qwe.wiki/wiki/German_orthography (дата обращения: 16. 04. 2020)

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Appendix

Appendix A

Similar words in German and English

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Appendix B

English words in German language

Denglisch

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Appendix C

Different meaning words in German and English

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