Исследование на тему «Повышение пенсионного возраста»

State Educational Institution Secondary School

Tagansky Central District of Moscow

Project work

«Raising of the retirement age»

Made by Nikita Stepin

A student of the 10th A form

Supervisor:

Moscow

2019

Contents

Introduction 3-4

Main part 5

1. The law on raising the retirement age

   The psychology and the physiology of the retirement age 8

1. The psychology of the retirement age

   The physiology of the retirement age

Conclusions 20

Recommendations 21

References 22

1. The two opinions about the retirement age and their proofs 12

   The results of the survey “What is the ideal age for the retirement? “ 14

“Forty is the old age of youth, fifty is the youth of old age”

Introduction

In our view, people should work according to their desire and opportunities. It is known that the youth are less experienced but more active and bright than the elderly. On the other hand, very often an employer needs knowledge instead of energy, thus, people in their 60s can be in demand. Personally, I am convinced of the fact that retirement should not be associated only with age. 60/65 should not be the same for everyone, even within the same profession. It is necessary to look at the state of human health and his ability to work, that is, according to the results of the annual medical commission, a person is determined by the degree of working capacity and the list of professions acceptable for him.

So we stated the problem: people have to work longer than before.

 

Actuality: The topic taken for the research work is relevant because not long ago The State Duma (the government) adopted a bill on pension reform in the third and final reading. This caused a storm of indignation among the population. But at the same time there are some positive moments in it.

 

Every person sooner or later becomes a pensioner. That’s why I decided to study the reasons for the introduction of this law and the possible benefits of late retirement.

 

Hypothesis: If people retire at the age of 60-65, it does harm to them. So, it is better to leave the job earlier.

 

Purpose: to study the law and find the possible ways to retire earlier

 

 

Based on the purposes the following tasks were generated:

To study the theoretical part of this question (the law)

To analyze the attitude of society to the law

To study the scientific position of the age (the psychology and the physiology)

To formulate conclusions

To create a presentation, i.e. print text, make diagrams, choose the background of the presentation, cut and paste pictures into the presentation

 

In the process of project work we used the following methods:

-Theoretical (the study of literature, information on the Internet)

-Empirical (a survey)

Main part

2.1 The law on raising the retirement age

Officially, Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev first announced his intention to carry out pension age reform in Russia on June 14, 2018. On June 16, the Government submitted the corresponding bill to the State Duma for consideration. During the month, the profile committee received feedback on the bill from the regions, 77 subjects of the federation supported the document (we recall that in 2018 there were 85 regions in Russia). The concept of the “new law on pensions from 2019” in the State Duma was represented by the Minister of Labor and Social Protection of the Russian Federation Maxim Topilin, who had previously been appointed as the official representative of the Government when considering the bill in the State Duma.

On October 3, 2018, the President signed the law on raising the retirement age from 2019, which the State Duma deputies adopted on September 27 in the final reading along with the amendments proposed to it (including the presidential amendments to the draft law). During the voting, the law was supported in final form by 73.8% of the deputies (332 of 415 people voted “for”). 18.4% of the total number of deputies voted “against” (83 people). There were no abstentions, and 7.8% of the deputies were not present in the meeting room and did not participate in the voting.

The main changes according to the law

Starting in 2019, the gradual increase in the retirement age in Russia:

for 5 years for men - from 60 to 65 years;

for 5 years for women - from 55 to 60 years.

The increase will be carried out annually in 1 year increments, except for the first two years of reform. Accordingly: a new target for men (65 years) will be reached within 5 years (transitional period 2019-2023); the corresponding standard for women (60 years) will similarly be achieved within 5 years (transitional period 2019-2023).

The preferential length of service for early retirement to teachers and health workers is proposed to be left unchanged (currently, depending on the place of work, 25 or 30 years). However, the possibility of retirement after receiving preferential experience is proposed to be postponed for 5 years with a transition period during 2019-2023.

The new law will not affect those who are already retired, as well as working in hazardous and harmful working conditions, for recipients of preferential pensions for health reasons and social motives (certain categories of disabled people, mothers of large families, parents or guardians of disabled people since childhood, etc.) affected by radiation and man-made disasters, flight test personnel.

Also, the changes will not affect the servicemen and security officials, whose pension is paid not from the Pension Fund, but directly from the federal budget (the budget of the respective power ministries and departments). Rumors about the abolition of military pensions in connection with the adoption of the new law are also not justified, however, in the future, an increase in the length of service up to 25 years for the retirement of military and security officials is not excluded.

Parliamentary hearings on pension reform 08/21/2018

On August 21, 2018, parliamentary and public hearings on pension reform were held in the State Duma for 4 hours, in which more than 600 people took part - members of the Government, State Duma deputies, heads of factions and relevant committees, and representatives of the expert community and public organizations.

Following the discussion, on August 21, a special working group was formed to finalize the draft law, which was headed by the Deputy Chairman of the State Duma Olga Timofeeva. The working group analyzed all the submitted proposals, summarized them and, if necessary, conducted additional consultations with the Government. It was reported that the working group will continue to deal with issues related to changes in the pension legislation in the future.

Vladimir Putin on raising the retirement age in 2018

On August 29, Russian President Vladimir Putin addressed the citizens with a statement in which he formulated his opinion on the pension reform planned by the Government. The President noted that the decision to change the pension system must be made, since in the future “the state will not have enough money to index pensions”, and in the longer term “regular payment of pensions may become a problem, as it was in the 90s”.

To mitigate the reform, Vladimir Putin proposed his own amendments to the draft law. It is worth noting that all of them were worked out, issued in the form of amendments and submitted for consideration by the Parliament. September 26, 2018, they were unanimously approved by the State Duma and adopted in the second reading of the draft law. The following measures were proposed:

1. Reducing the retirement age for women from 63 to 60 years (that is, increasing the relatively old law by only 5 years, not 8).

2. For citizens who were to issue a pension in the first two years of the new law (that is, in 2019-2020), it was proposed to reduce the statutory age by 6 months relative to the values ​​proposed by the bill.

Table of values ​​of the retirement age:

 

3. Early retirement for mothers with many children:

a woman with three children will be able to issue payments 3 years ahead of time;

if four children, then 4 years earlier;

for women with 5 or more children, the age will be kept at 50 years.

4. Early retirement if women have 37 years of insurance experience, and men have 42 years. In such cases, it will be possible to issue payments 2 years earlier than the established retirement age.

Final pass the law on raising the retirement age

The law was finally adopted and signed by President Vladimir Putin on October 3, 2018, i.e. less than 4 months after the bill was submitted to the State Duma.

After that, the bill passed by the State Duma was sent for approval by the Council of Federation, after which it was signed by the President (03.10.2018). The law will enter into force in the terms established by the text of the law itself - from 01/01/2019.

2.2 The psychology and the physiology of the retirement age

a. The psychology of the retirement age

According to Evgeny Pavlovich Ilyin (born March 20, 1933 - December 25, 2015, St. Petersburg) - Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, Doctor of Psychology, Candidate of Biological Sciences, Professor - There are several myths about old age. The first myth is that old age begins at age 65. It is assumed that by this age your active life is terminated. People retire at age 65, ostensibly because they are getting too old to work. In fact, this age was chosen completely by accident. Germany was the first in the world in 1889 to create a state system for the protection of social rights. Chancellor Bismarck chose 70 years as the official retirement age, and later the bureaucratic apparatus reduced it to 65. The average life expectancy in Germany at that time was 45 years. Consequently, the retirement age was 56% higher than the average life expectancy. If at present the retirement age was chosen according to the same criteria, then we would become retirees only 117 years old.

The retirement age is a remnant of an obsolete linear life plan according to which you studied, built your career, then retired and died. A cyclical, or more flexible, life plan would make more sense if learning, work and leisure accompanied you all your life. Never has anyone proved that older people are less able to work productively. Numerous studies of thousands of different workers, from mid-level workers to managers, have been conducted, which have shown that, with the exception of a slight decrease in productivity in jobs that require considerable physical effort, older workers do their job at least as well as the young ones. The claim that the most creative work was done by people under the age of 50 years was due to the fact that most people did not live to that age.

Retirement is regarded as “rewarded vacation.” It is possible to splash all kinds of hobbies, the discovery of new abilities in oneself, the satisfaction of “childish” desires and dreams. However, in many cases this “rest” turns out to be far from joyful. People whose work is stressful or tiresome are happy when they quit it, and part-time work with a very interesting, enjoyable and well-paid job doesn’t bring such joy. Parker (Parker, 1982) found that in the UK, 31% of retirees feel a shortage of their fellow workers, 31% feel a lack of money, 11% miss the work itself, and 10% lack the feeling that they are beneficial to someone. Some studies have revealed that among those engaged in heavy unskilled jobs, which cause considerable stress and fatigue, there is a certain increase in life expectancy. For those who worked in good places, on the contrary, there is a slight decrease.

People brought up in our society are mostly workaholics. The work allows you to "retouch" a very large number of life troubles. Having lost this opportunity, a person suffers a serious injury.

Retirement leads to a number of negative consequences: social significance falls, prestige suffers, self-esteem and self-esteem increases, social isolation increases, and human health deteriorates. New demands are often beyond his power; he feels like he is retarded.

With retirement, there is a weakening of social contacts and the removal of younger generations and society as a whole from older people, loss of social status, reduction of incoming information, a decline in communication skills. At the same time, disunity manifests itself in the psychological sphere: motivation and interests change, their circle is narrowed, focusing on the inner world of the individual.

If you look closely at the respondents' answers to the question about the reasons for their retirement, you will find that almost half of retirees motivate refusal to work to transfer the responsibility for their material support to the state: “He left for well-deserved senior service”; “Age - how much more work?”; “I decided that I had enough”; “Tired, has accumulated.” This motive is not a manifestation of the psychological sensation of old age, but of the paternalistic orientation of our fellow citizens, which is quite widespread among all age groups (with the exception of youth) and especially among the older generation. The motives voiced by about a quarter of the respondents testify to the forced, involuntary refusal to continue working after the retirement age: for example, one (13%) speaks of difficulties in finding employment (dismissal, staff reduction, liquidation of the enterprise, inability to get a new job and etc.), others (7%) - about family circumstances, someone (2%) - about too low pay, and someone (2%) - about moving, changing their place of residence. It is quite admissible that this group of respondents would just prefer not to change their labor status - for them the transition to the group of pensioners does not mean a transition to the group of old people.

In fact, the only reason for refusing to work, representing a direct correlate with a psychological and physiological feeling of old age, are complaints about health problems - they are mentioned by more than a third of today's retirees (37%): “Hands and feet hurt, I can’t work”, “Due to illness and by age“, ”In connection with obtaining disability due to health”. Thus, if socially, attaining retirement age means certain changes in status and material status, then psychologically, only a portion of Russian pensioners can equate retirement with old age.

The physiology of the retirement age

The results of the study showed that poor health is a significant constraint for economic activity, especially for people with higher education. Moreover, in the first five years after retirement, for both men and women, the negative effect of deteriorating health increases slightly. It can be assumed that at this time, for people with higher education, health still has a less critical effect, explained Maltseva. In general, this may testify in favor of the fact that the age of active longevity ends later than the working age, she concludes.

The presence of a disability, a stroke and an inpatient stay are the medical factors that limit the working ability of pensioners to the maximum. However, the influence of these variables is not as great as the influence of the size of the pension, the expert stressed. A low pension is an important incentive to continue working in adulthood.

The growth of unemployment does not greatly affect the employment of retirees. This is not a determining factor for an older person seeking to work.

Of course, with serious illnesses, there is no question of continuing work. Work should not be a burden. The task of each person is to find the niche where his abilities will be most fully realized. It is very important. If a person is not in demand, something does not work for him, then stress and premature aging arise. Many pensioners fall into depression and cease to follow, develop, keep active. It also affects our body.

If one is attentive to oneself, timely analyzes, necessary preventive measures, then any illness can be noticed and even stopped. But this is work. Many are not used to looking after themselves. But health is the most important creative function of a person. With the right approach, the diseases that attack people in 50 years old today can be postponed to 70-80 years. A person will get 20-30 quality years of life. I am sure that in the future the retirement plan will be commensurate with the efficiency of a person and his physiological qualities, and not over the years. Today, both the people themselves and the state should focus on healthy longevity, prevention, which will increase life expectancy, while improving its quality.

2.3 The two opinions about the retirement age and their proofs

There are two opposing points of view on how raising the retirement age will affect the labor market. Some believe that unemployment will inevitably increase, since the Russian economy will not be able to create new jobs for those people who now have to work longer. Others say that the negative effect will be mitigated by the natural loss of the working-age population, which creates a deficit in the Russian labor market.

Today, many Russian pensioners continue to work. The employment rate of people of retirement age is not much lower than the average in the countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, where the retirement age is much higher. And some people, on the contrary, stop working already in pre-retirement age for various reasons - for health or simply do not want to work, having sufficient personal savings. The circumstances are different, but the point is that not all people of working age are in the labor market, and many who have reached retirement age, on the contrary, work. It follows that there can be no large influx into the labor market after raising the retirement age. Those who want to work are already doing it.

The pension changes discussed affect the older groups, but do not affect the number of younger ones. And these are the most active and highly qualified people with fresh education. Entrepreneurship, innovation, new technologies - this requires young people. This is already a problem of the whole economy, and not just the pension system.

But besides the problem of the actual employment of the elderly, there is the problem of income. People in the pre-retirement age expect that when they reach retirement age, a pension will be added to their income. The average salary in the economy is now under 40 thousand rubles, and the average pension is about 12 thousand, and this is a significant increase. Many working pensioners, precisely because of this increase, emerge from poverty. Raising the retirement age means that the government is pulling out additional pension money from their pockets. And this, of course, can be a serious factor of discontent.

Retirement plan - this is the wrong approach. What is important is not age, but the ability to work of a person. Until what period can he work effectively, be an active member of society, etc.

For women - 55, and men - 60, do not correspond to the biological possibilities of man. In Norway, the retirement age was 67 years old, but the population voted to move it to 70. This is beneficial for the country. Indeed, many of those who are “written off” can make a huge contribution to the development of society.

They have valuable experience and knowledge. According to the WHO graduation, old age is 60-74, senile - 75-89. Zhores Alferov, vice-president of the Russian Academy of Sciences, is 84 years old, Boris Paton, president of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine is 95 years old, actor Vladimir Zeldin is 99 years old, Alexander Shirvindt is 80. Almost all Nobel laureates are years old. All this is brilliant thinkers, leaders, artists, intellectuals. It is no coincidence that at the last Vienna conference it was proposed to remove the age limit for persons in the field of science, culture, education, medicine and government. These people are most valuable to society not in retirement, but when they participate in its life. By the way, some leaders of our state are also of retirement age and work fine.

 

 

2.4 The results of the survey “What is the ideal age for the retirement? “

More than 90% of Russian citizens do not support plans to raise the retirement age. This is evidenced by data from a survey conducted by the holding “Romir”. According to RIA Novosti, 92% of respondents do not approve of the initiative to raise the retirement age to 65 years for men and to 63 years for women.

It is noted that this level of rejection is recorded in all age groups, except for young people. Among young people aged 18-24 support an increase in the retirement age of about 12%.

Foundation Public Opinion made a survey of citizens of the Russian Federation from 18 years and older on May 27, 2018. 53 subjects of the Russian Federation, 104 settlements, 1500 respondents were interviewed. Stat error does not exceed 3.6%.

 

The questions were:

- Should the retirement age for men and women be the same?

- What is the right age to retire?

- What are the reasons to raise the retirement age?

- What is your opinion about the raising of the retirement age?

- What would you choose: to continue working or to retire at the age of 60/65? Why?

 

And the results are:

 

 

Conclusions

With pensions in the XXI century, much is not clear. As the structure of employment is changing, and complex demographic shifts are taking place, pension systems worldwide are under pressure. People live longer, spend more time in retirement, and people who pay dues are getting smaller.

On October 3, 2018, the President signed the law on raising the retirement age from 2019. According to it, starting in 2019, the gradual increase in the retirement age in Russia: for 5 years for men - from 60 to 65 years; for 5 years for women - from 55 to 60 years. Consulting Romir survey, more than 90% of Russian citizens do not support plans to raise the retirement age. There are still some group of people who can retire earlier.

Apparently, in this situation, people themselves must accumulate some funds during their working life. We need a combination of two systems: in one - distribution - the state worries about you, in the other - cumulative - the market that accumulates your pension contributions, invests them, and you get income from it. The state through the distribution system will not allow the pensioner to die of hunger, but he is unlikely to be able to feel financially wealthy in his old age. This requires modern financial markets and institutions, which at the same time could also protect people's savings. In addition, it implies increased personal responsibility for their future. In many countries with highly developed economies, such systems work - they give the economy long money, and retirees - additional income. Ultimately, the standard of living of pensioners is entirely dependent on the level of economic development. In a weak economy, even if it has a pension system, there cannot be high pensions.

 

 

 

Recommendations

When finally, you get retired sitting in the four walls, watching TV up to the holes, saving up sores and souring is not the best way for senior citizens. Free time gives us a lot of new opportunities.

1) According to statistics, grandmothers and grandfathers, who selflessly devote their lives to raising their grandchildren, live longer and happier.

2) It is impossible to sit idle at the cottage. There we must dig up the flower bed, then weed the planting, then apply water for irrigation, patch up the porch or fence ... We are always in motion, in the fresh air, enjoying communication with nature. Dacha is a great way to maintain well-being. In addition, environmentally friendly and always fresh greens, vegetables and fruits will diversify your table, and homemade jams and pickles will provide your family with vitamins for the winter.

3) Think about how many poor children around there are, weak old people who need help! You can look for new good owners of animals who find themselves on the street. Try to find on the Internet or with the help of your friends’ phone numbers and addresses of charitable organizations and offer them your help. Free work for the benefit of society will breathe new strength into you, distract you from your own problems and thoughts about sores, give meaning to your life.

4) It's never too late to learn. Make yourself a personal study plan and start to fill in the missing spaces. Master the computer and learn how to use the Internet, if you have not had time to do so. Now without it - nowhere. Through the Internet, you will be able to pay utility bills without a turn and without interest, sign up for a doctor or find out where it is cheaper to buy medicines.

Engage in the study of foreign languages ​​in courses or on tutorials (now there are a lot of audio courses that allow you to do it yourself). With many museums, there are lectures with interesting programs. And you can sign up for yoga, massage courses, driving a car or dancing lessons.

5) There are a lot of pensioners around the world who have never been to your country. And you can visit their motherland providing hospitality during their staying in your city. Thus, you will get an unforgettable emotions and experience.

References

https://psy.wikireading.ru/58236

https://iq.hse.ru/news/177667217.html

https://www.novayagazeta.ru/articles/2018/06/26/76943-eto-ne-reforma-a-fiskalnyy-manevr

https://russian.rt.com/russia/news/522745-opros-pensionnyi-vozrast

https://fom.ru/posts/14043

https://www.svoboda.org/a/29272009.html